Parrot AR.Drone

Parrot AR.Drone is a discontinued remote controlled flying quadcopter built by the French company Parrot. The drone is designed to be controlled by mobile or tablet operating systems such as the supported iOS or Android[1] within their respective apps or the unofficial software available for Windows Phone, Samsung BADA and Symbian devices.[2]

AR.Drone
InceptionOriginal: 2010
v. 2.0: 2012
ManufacturerParrot
AvailableOriginal: Discontinued
v. 2.0: Discontinued
WebsiteOfficial website

Design and development

Version 1.0
AR.Drone pre-production prototype

The Parrot AR.Drone was unveiled at the International CES 2010 in Las Vegas along with demonstration of the iOS applications used to control it. Along with AR.Freeflight, the application designed for free operation of the drone, Parrot also released AR.Race, allowing users to take part in solo games, or interact with other drones in combat simulations.[3]

The airframe of the AR.Drone, constructed from nylon and carbon fiber parts, measures 57 cm (22 in) across.[4] Two interchangeable hulls were supplied with the airframe, one is designed for indoor and one for outdoor flight. The indoor hull is made from EPP foam, and encases the circumference of the blades for protection. The outdoor-use hull is made from lightweight plastic and allows for increased maneuverability. In total, the AR.Drone has six degrees of freedom, with a miniaturized inertial measurement unit tracking the pitch, roll and yaw for use in stabilisation.[5]

Inside the airframe, a range of sensors assist flight, enabling the interface used by pilots to be simpler, and making advanced flight easier. The onboard computer runs a Linux operating system, and communicates with the pilot through a self-generated Wi-Fi hotspot. The onboard sensors include an ultrasonic altimeter, which is used to provide vertical stabilization up to 6 m (19 ft 8 in). The rotors are powered by 15 watt, brushless motors powered by an 11.1 Volt lithium polymer battery. This provides approximately 12 minutes of flight time at a speed of 5 m/s (11 mph). Coupled with software on the piloting device, the forward-facing camera allows the drone to build a 3D environment, track objects and drones, and validate shots in augmented reality games.

Technical specifications
  • Interfaces: USB and Wi-Fi 802.11b/g
  • Front camera: QVGA sensor with 93° lens
  • Vertical camera: 64° lens, recording up to 60fps

Version 2.0
AR.Drone 2.0 in flight with outdoor hull
AR.Drone 2.0 in flight with indoor hull

The successor to the original drone, the AR.Drone 2.0 was unveiled at CES Las Vegas 2012. Rather than redesigning the product, improvements were made to its functionality, along with developing a larger ecosystem to support pilots. The equipment on board AR.Drone 2.0 was significantly upgraded to improve the drone's function. The camera quality was increased to 720p, and many of the onboard sensors were made more sensitive, allowing for greater control. The ultrasound altimeter was enhanced with the addition of an air pressure sensor, allowing for more stable flight and hovering. The resources available to the onboard computer were also improved, and the Wi-Fi hardware was updated to follow the new 802.11n standard. Other sensor improvements included an upgraded 3-axis gyroscope, along with a 3-axis accelerometer and magnetometer.[6]

At CES 2013, Parrot announced the Flight Recorder add-on for the AR.Drone 2.0. It adds 4GB of storage to the drone, along with GPS tracking and flight data recording. It will allow pilots to define a flight path by selecting a series of waypoints that the drone will follow. Flight Recorder features can be controlled via mobile phone and desktop applications, with "Director Mode" and "Rescue Mode" included. An extended battery designed to increase flight time by up to 50% was also launched alongside the Flight Recorder.[7]

Technical Specifications
  • Interfaces: USB and Wi-Fi 802.11n
  • Front camera: 720p sensor with 93° lens, recording up to 30fps
  • Vertical camera: QVGA sensor with 64° lens, recording up to 60fps
  • Start weight: 380 g with outdoor, 420 g with indoor hull[8]
  • Battery: Lithium-polymer 3-cell (11,1 CV), 1500 mAh[9]
  • Motors: 4x brushless 14.5-watt, 28,500 RPM inrunner type, gear reduction 8/72[10]

Applications
AR.Drone application HUD
AR.Drone

Previously known as AR.Freeflight, provides piloting function for AR.Drones, and the ability to take photos and videos. AR.Drone was launched in 2010 alongside the original drone, and provides piloting capabilities via iOS devices.[11] It allows pilots to record video or capture images from their drone's onboard cameras. When originally launched pilots could control drones by tilting their device, and data from the onboard accelerometer was converted into flight controls.[12] On-screen controls provide joystick-style movement, and other functions that allow pilots to perform aerobatics, play games, or update their drone's firmware. The app also integrates with AR.Drone Academy, where pilots can map and share flight details with other AR.Drone users. AR.Drone is available on the Google Play store, where it has kept the name AR.Freeflight.[13]

AR.Race 2 (previously AR.Race)

AR.Race is a piloting and multiplayer gaming application for the AR.Drone 2.0. Using a target included with the drone, pilots can define a race course with a start and finish line. The drone will then detect when it crosses this line, and records the flight time in between these two events. Pilots may invite other AR.Drones to join the race, and scores are aggregated into a leaderboard.[14] The application also integrates with AR.Drone Academy and, when the AR.Freeflight application was removed from the iOS App Store, was updated to include basic piloting controls. AR.Race 2, and its predecessor AR.Race are only available on for iOS devices.

AR.Rescue 2 (previously AR.Rescue)

A single-player augmented reality application for iOS devices. It uses the target provided with the AR.Drone 2.0 to build a 3D environment in which pilots must perform various tasks. The object of the game is to construct a rocket out of pieces that are placed into the physical environment by the drone's software. Along with these pieces, enemies are generated that must be fought. The drone also records the time it takes to complete this task successfully, and this is recorded in AR.Drone Academy, where a global leaderboard is generated, and videos and images can be shared amongst the community.[15]

AR.Hunter

An augmented, multiplayer game that allows pilots to engage a human target with virtual weapons within a 3D space. Unlike the other multiplayer games made by Parrot, AR.Hunter only requires one AR.Drone. Both the pilot and the 'target' have the application installed on iOS devices, and the 'target' uses theirs to fire their virtual weapons at the drone. In order for the drone to recognise and engage the 'target', they must wear a colored cap, purchased separately from Parrot. The game can be played without the cap, but the drone is unable to engage the 'target', and the pilot must instead evade detection or attack. AR.Hunter is not compatible with the AR.Drone 2.0.

Third party uses
Lithium polymer battery for Parrot AR.Drone with JST-XH connector (right) and mini-Tamiya connector (left) [16]

To aid third party developers, Parrot launched the AR.Drone open API game development platform.[17] Due to this open platform, affordability, and wide range of onboard sensory equipment, the AR.Drone is becoming an increasingly popular tool in research and education.[18][19] It has been used for experiments with visual-based autonomous navigation,[20][21][22] autonomous surveillance,[23] and human-machine interaction.[24] Research in these areas has resulted in third party applications being released, some open source, that extend the official capabilities of the drone.

In France, the AR.Drone 2.0 was tested by a Special Operations unit for aerial reconnaissance,[25] whilst other companies have been developing software that allows the drone to track sports activities,[26] and generate training feedback.[27] An AR.Drone was used by Tim Pool during the Occupy Wall Street protest, running modified software that allowed it to stream directly to an internet channel. He theorised that a chain of command could be set up, where multiple people could step up and take control should the primary operator be detained by police. To further this, he began development of a new control system, replacing the existing Wi-Fi hotspot with a 3G chip. This would allow users to control drones via the internet, and potentially from remote locations.[28]

An open source framework "Yet another drone", developed by students at University of Hamburg will allow programmers to easily build applications for AR Drone in Java.

Reception

Since the launch of the original AR.Drone, around half a million units have been sold.[29] It received a 2010 CES Innovations award for Electronic Gaming Hardware.[30] It was awarded Best Smart Product of 2015 according to Wellbots Top 25 Smart Products Ranking of 2015.[31] The AR.Drone 2.0 was praised for the relative ease with which pilots could learn how to fly it; the original release required more intense practice.[32]

Since its initial release, individuals,[33][34] organizations, and governments have expressed concern over the use of AR.Drones for surveillance. Although the technology required to feed and record live video taken from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) existed prior to the release of the AR.Drone, it was not widely available to members of the public. In Germany, consumer affairs minister Ilse Aigner described the drone as a privacy threat, and called for restrictions to be placed on the use of cameras mounted on aerial platforms.[35] A UK advertising campaign, showing an AR.Drone being flown into the grounds of Buckingham Palace was withdrawn after concerns that it was demonstrating illegal use of the drone.[36] In the US, the use of AR.Drones is governed by the Federal Aviation Administration at the Federal level and local jurisdiction,[37] which restricts the use of UAVs above 400 ft, and does not allow them to be used for commercial purposes.[38]

References
  1. "AR.Drone coming to Android, gets new multiplayer games". 2010-06-08.
  2. Alan Brandon (6 January 2010). "Control your own augmented reality aerial drone? There's an app for that". Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  3. "The iPhone: Now There's a Helicopter for That". Associated Press in the New York Times. January 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-11. At the International Consumer Electronics Show this week, Paris-based Parrot unveiled its AR.Drone
  4. "Parrot AR.Drone Quadricopter Controlled by iPod touch, iPhone, iPad, and Android Devices (Orange/Blue)". Amazon.com. Amazon. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
  5. "Parrot AR.Drones specs". Chris Anderson from DIYDrones.com. January 6, 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-06. Parrot AR.Drones specs: ARM9, Linux, 6DoF IMU, Ultrasonics sensor, WiFi....WOW!
  6. "Parrot AR.Drone". Space City Drones. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  7. Heater, Brian. "Parrot announces availability for AR.Drone 2.0 add-ons, offers software upgrades". Engadget. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  8. "Parrot AR Drone Specs - Drone-RK - Wireless, Sensing and Embedded (WiSE) Lab". wise.ece.cmu.edu. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  9. "Parrot AR.Drone 2.0 Power Edition Specs". Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  10. Johnson, Joel. "Parrot AR Drone 2.0 Review: Your Own Private Predator". Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  11. "AR.Drone for iPhone, iPod touch and iPad". iTunes Preview. Apple. 2013-04-20. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  12. "Statement to AR.Drone pilots using iOS devices". Parrot Blog. Parrot. 2013-04-08. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  13. "AR.Freeflight 2.0". Android Apps on Google Play. 2013-02-25. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  14. "AR.Drone 2.0. Parrot new wi-fi quadricopter - Ar Race". Parrot. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  15. "AR.Rescue 2 for iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad". iTunes Preview. Apple. 2013-04-02. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  16. Parrot AR.Drone battery technical details Archived August 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  17. "The Coolest Video Game? It's A Hovercraft". NBC Universal, Inc. March 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-16. This year's Game Developer's Conference in San Francisco was flat-out upstaged by a hovercraft. The company that makes it, Parrot, calls is the AR Drone (the AR stands for Augmented Reality), but really, it hovers, and looks amazing doing it.
  18. Tom Krajnik. "ARDrone quadcopter in robotics research". Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  19. Jürgen Sturm. "Visual Navigation for Flying Robots". Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  20. Cooper Bills; Joyce Chen; Ashutosh Saxena. "Autonomous MAV Flight in Indoor Environments using Single Image Perspective Cues" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  21. Jakob Engel; Jürgen Sturm; Daniel Cremers. "Camera-Based Navigation of a Low-Cost Quadrocopter" (PDF). Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  22. Jakob Engel; Jürgen Sturm; Daniel Cremers. "Accurate Figure Flying with a Quadrocopter Using Onboard Visual and Inertial Sensing" (PDF). Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  23. Jan Faigl; Tom Krajnik; Vojta Vonasek; Libor Preucil. "Surveillance Planning with Localization Uncertainty for UAVs" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  24. Wai Shan Ng; Ehud Sharlin. "Collocated Interaction with Flying Robots" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  25. "Special Operation Unit tests AR.Drone 2.0". Parrot Blog. Parrot. 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
  26. Gilbert, Jason (2012-06-07). "Joggobot Is A Drone Helicopter Who Wants To Be Your Jogging Trainer". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
  27. Keita Higuchi, Tetsuro Shimada & Jun Rekimoto. "Flying sports assistant: external visual imagery representation for sports training". Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  28. Sharkey, Noel & Knuckey, Sarah (2011-12-21). "Occupy Wall Street's 'occucopter' - who's watching whom?". Guardian. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
  29. Cornish, David (2013-03-17). "ESA launches drone app to crowdsource flight data". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
  30. Gaudiosi, John (2010-01-09). "CES 2010: The Hottest iPhone Game in the World". GamerLive.TV. Archived from the original on 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
  31. Berdugo, Philippe (2015-12-01). "Wellbots top 25 smart products of 2015". wellbots.com. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
  32. Dillow, Clay (2012-07-03). "Parrot AR.Drone 2.0 Review: Fly Higher, Farther, and More Intuitively". Popular Science. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  33. "Google chief urges action to regulate mini-drones". BBC News. BBC. 2013-04-13. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
  34. Subbaraman, Nidhi (2013-03-24). "The drones are coming ... but our laws aren't ready". NBC News. NBC. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
  35. Mortimer, Gary (2011-01-02). "Parrot AR.Drone causes German politicians to debate privacy and sUAS". sUAS. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  36. Mortimer, Gary (2010-09-25). "UK CAA underline legal position for sUAS". sUAS News. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  37. "FAA Drone Regulations". Quadcopter Academy. 2014-06-12.
  38. Kraft, Caleb (2012-08-29). "What does the government think about that drone in your home?". Hack a Day. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
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