Paradox Valley

Paradox Valley is a basin located in Montrose County in the U.S. state of Colorado. The dry, sparsely populated valley is named after the apparently paradoxical course of the Dolores River—instead of flowing down the length of the valley, the river cuts across the middle.[1] The valley is the site of a Bureau of Reclamation salinity-control project which has caused thousands of earthquakes,[2] and is the proposed location of a new uranium mill which would be the first built in the United States in over 25 years.[3]

Paradox Valley
Paradox Valley as seen from near the southwest rim. The Dolores River is at the left edge.
Paradox Valley
The location of Paradox Valley within Colorado
Floor elevation4,944 ft (1,507 m)
Length25 miles (40 km) NW-SE
Width3 to 5 miles (4.8 to 8.0 km)
Geography
LocationMontrose County, Colorado, United States
Coordinates38°19′N 108°51′W 

Geography and climate

Paradox Valley trends northwest-southeast and measures about 3 to 5 miles (5 to 8 km) wide and 25 miles (40 km) long.[4] It lies along the extreme western edge of Colorado, about 50 miles (80 km) south of the city of Grand Junction. The La Sal Range of Utah rises in the northwest. State Highway 90 follows Paradox Valley on its way from Naturita to the Utah state line, crossing the historic Dolores River Bridge near the small unincorporated town of Bedrock. The town of Paradox lies a few miles north of the highway. Elevations on the valley floor range from about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) at the Dolores River to nearly 6,000 feet (1,800 m) at the southeast end. Steep parallel sandstone and shale[4] walls bound the valley to the northeast and southwest.

The valley was named in 1875 by geologist and surveyor Albert Charles Peale,[1] after he noted that the Dolores River had a "desire to perform strange and unexpected things" in the area.[5] Instead of flowing down the valley, the river emerges from a narrow gap in one wall, cuts perpendicularly across the middle, and exits through another gap. As a consequence of this unusual geography, the valley cannot be easily irrigated by the Dolores River, but springs and streams fed by snowmelt from the La Sal Range support farming in the northwestern third[6]

Near the center of the valley, the town of Bedrock experiences average highs ranging from 45 °F (7 °C) in December to 96 °F (36 °C) in July. Average lows range from 13 °F (−11 °C) in December to 54 °F (12 °C) in July. An average of 11 inches (28 cm) of precipitation, including 9 inches (23 cm) of snow, fall annually at Bedrock.[7]

Geology
The entrenched Dolores River (lower right to upper left) is seen crossing Paradox Valley (center) in this simulated view

The apparent paradox of Paradox Valley can be explained by salt tectonics. The valley is a collapsed anticline, a type of geological fold. About 300 million years ago, during the middle Pennsylvanian period, high pressures on lands to the northeast caused underlying salt deposits to flow towards where the valley is today. The salt encountered a buried fault-block ridge and was deflected upwards, penetrating the overlying rock strata and forming a salt dome. The salt may not have actually been exposed on the surface, but groundwater entering the top of the dome dissolved the underlying salt beds, allowing the center to collapse, forming what is today Paradox Valley. This process took place over about 150 million years, a long enough time for the Dolores River to downcut into the land and maintain its ancient course. The same process also created the Moab Valley (Spanish Valley) to the west, itself cut crosswise in a similar fashion by the Colorado River.[8]

The Paradox Formation, a geological formation containing salt, gypsum, anhydrite, shale, sandstone, and limestone,[9] is named after exposures found in Paradox Valley. The Paradox Basin, a geologic province throughout which the Paradox Formation is found, also bears the name of the valley.[8]

History

Paradox Valley was within the historical domain of the Ute tribe.[10] An 1868 treaty created a reservation for the Utes over much of western Colorado, including Paradox Valley.[10] Squatters began grazing cattle in the valley as early as 1877, in violation of the treaty.[11] By 1881, the Utes had been forced out of the area, and in 1882 the United States Congress officially opened the land to settlement.[11] Springs and streams allowed farming in the northwest end of the valley, and the mid-1890s discovery of copper at the future site of the Cashin Mine near the town of Bedrock brought in a further influx of settlers.[12] The valley and the surrounding plateau would soon become an important source of radioactive materials, including radium and uranium. In 1913, the New York Times identified carnotite mines near Paradox Valley as the source of "the greatest radium ore deposits in the world".[13] Production of radium ceased in 1922 when richer deposits were found in the Belgian Congo, but production of uranium and vanadium continued throughout most of the century.[6]

Paradox Valley Unit
Location of the injection well, brine production wells, and gauging stations

Near-surface salt beds up to 14,000 feet (4,300 m) thick still underlie Paradox Valley. The Dolores River, a tributary of the Colorado River, naturally picks up about 100,000[4]-200,000[14] tons of salt annually on its way through the valley.[4] In the 1980s, the United States Bureau of Reclamation began construction of a pumping facility known as the Paradox Valley Unit.[14] The PVU, a part of the wider Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Project, became fully operational in 1996 and collects saline groundwater from 12 shallow wells along the Dolores River. The system then dilutes the brine with water and a corrosion inhibitor and transports it to a high-pressure injection well, where it is deposited 14,000 to 16,000 feet (4,300 to 4,900 m) deep into Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks. A 2001 study found that the total salt reaching the Dolores had declined by about 90%, although this may have been the result of a period of low precipitation during the measurement period.[4] As of 2009, the PVU removes about 113,000 tons of salt annually from Paradox Valley.[14]

The injection well of the Paradox Valley Unit has induced thousands of earthquakes, including at least 4,000 prior to the year 2001.[15] Most were below the threshold of human detection, but at least 15 have been over 2.5 in magnitude, the largest being a 4.3 magnitude quake on May 27, 2000. The PVU suspended operations for 28 days following this quake, but later resumed injections at a lower rate.[2] Further earthquakes have been linked with the operation, including a 3.9 magnitude quake in 2004.[16]

Piñon Ridge Mill
See also: Uranium mining in Colorado

In 2009 Energy Fuels Resources Corporation, a subsidiary of Toronto-based Energy Fuels Incorporated, proposed the construction of a uranium mill in the southeast end of Paradox Valley.[3] Called the Piñon Ridge Mill, it would have been capable of processing 500 tons of uranium ore per day.[3] Legal action tied up the project for many years,[17] and as of September 2020 the project appears to have died.[18]

See also

References
  1. "Paradox Valley". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. October 13, 1978. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
  2. Ake, Jon; Mahrer, Kenneth; O’Connell, Daniel; Block, Lisa (March 2002). "What's Shaking in Bedrock? The Paradox Valley Deep-Well Injection Program" (PDF). Outcrop. Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists. Archived from the original on November 28, 2010. Retrieved November 30, 2009.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  3. "State Receives Uranium Mill Application". Telluride Watch. November 24, 2009. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
  4. Chafin, Daniel T. (January 2003). "The Effect of the Paradox Valley Unit on the Dissolved-Solids Load of the Dolores River near Bedrock, Colorado, 1988–2001" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
  5. Hayden, F.V., ed. (1877). Ninth Annual Report of the Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. United States Department of the Interior. p. 343. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
  6. "Energy Fuels Inc. Pinon Ridge Uranium Mill Application" (PDF). Energy Fuels Incorporated. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  7. "BEDROCK 1 N, COLORADO (050581) Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  8. Baars, Donald L. (2000). The Colorado Plateau: a geologic history. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 63–67. ISBN 978-0-8263-2301-9. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
  9. "Summary of Citation - Geologic Unit: Paradox". GEOLEX Database. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
  10. "Southern Ute Tribal History". Southern Ute Indian Tribe. Archived from the original on December 7, 2009. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
  11. O'Rourke, Paul M. (1980). Frontier in Transition: A History of Southwestern Colorado. Colorado State Office, Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
  12. Cox, Marilyn (May 19, 2008). "Paradox: Stories of the Wild West". Montrose Daily Press. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
  13. "$100,000 Radium Test to Save Bremmer's Life" (PDF). New York Times. December 27, 1913. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
  14. "Project details - CRBSCP - Paradox Valley Unit - Title II". Bureau of Reclamation. June 3, 2009. Archived from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
  15. Ake, Jon; Mahrer, Kenneth; O’Connell, Daniel; Block, Lisa (April 2005). "Deep-Injection and Closely Monitored Induced Seismicity at Paradox Valley, Colorado". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Seismological Society of America. 95 (2): 664–683. doi:10.1785/0120040072. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
  16. "Magnitude 3.9 earthquake is linked to brine pumping". Associated Press. November 15, 2004. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  17. Wright, S.T. Judge greenlights renewed uranium mining in West End.Telluride Daily Planet Jun 2, 2019.
  18. Blevins, J. A former mining camp is converting into a boutique getaway, sparking hope in Montrose County’s West End. The Colorado Sun, Sep 15, 2020.
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