Pandanus odorifer

Pandanus odorifer is an aromatic monocot species of plant in the family Pandanaceae, native to Polynesia, Australia, South Asia (Andaman Islands), and the Philippines,[2] and is also found wild in southern India and Burma. It is commonly known as fragrant screw-pine.

Pandanus odorifer
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Pandanales
Family:	Pandanaceae
Genus:	Pandanus
Species:	P. odorifer
Binomial name
Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze
Synonyms[1]
Athrodactylis spinosa J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. nom. illeg. Bromelia sylvestris Burm.f. Eydouxia delessertii Gaudich. Hasskarlia leucacantha Walp. Keura odora Thunb. Keura odorifera Forssk. Marquartia leucacantha Hassk. Pandanus adduensis H.St.John Pandanus albibracteatus H.St.John Pandanus alloios H.St.John Pandanus ambiglaucus H.St.John Pandanus blancoi Kunth Pandanus boryi Gaudich. Pandanus carnosus H.St.John Pandanus chelyon H.St.John Pandanus delessertii (Gaudich.) Warb. Pandanus fascicularis Lam. Pandanus fosbergii H.St.John Pandanus globosus H.St.John Pandanus hartmanii H.St.John Pandanus hendersonii H.St.John Pandanus hueensis H.St.John Pandanus impar H.St.John Pandanus inclinatus H.St.John Pandanus incrassatus H.St.John Pandanus integriapicis H.St.John Pandanus intraconicus H.St.John Pandanus karikayo H.St.John Pandanus leucanthus Hassk. Pandanus linnaei Gaudich. Pandanus littoralis Jungh. Pandanus loureiroi Gaudich. Pandanus maldivecus H.St.John Pandanus millore Roxb. Pandanus obtusus H.St.John Pandanus odoratissimus L.f. Pandanus odoratus Salisb. Pandanus odoriferus (Forssk.) Pandanus phamhoangii H.St.John Pandanus projectens H.St.John Pandanus remotus H.St.John Pandanus reversispiralis H.St.John Pandanus rheedei Gaudich. Pandanus rubricoloratus H.St.John Pandanus rumphii Gaudich. Pandanus semiorbicularis H.St.John Pandanus sinensis (Warb.) Martelli Pandanus smitinandii H.St.John Pandanus spiralis Blanco nom. illeg. Pandanus subcarnosus H.St.John Pandanus subcubicus H.St.John Pandanus subulatus H.St.John Pandanus verus Rumph. ex Kurz nom. illeg. Pandanus vietnamensis H.St.John

Names

In addition to screw-pine, other common English names for the tree include kewda, fragrant screwpine, umbrella tree and screw tree.[3]

In India, the tree goes by a variety of names, many deriving from the Sanskrit kētakī (केतकी).[3] In Tamil, it is called kaithai (கைதை) and thazhai (தாழை) and both are mentioned in Sangam literature. In Arabic speaking countries, the tree is referred to as al-kādi (الكادي).[4] In Japan, the tree is called adan (アダン [阿檀]) and grows on Okinawa.

Pandanus odorifer grows widely at the St. Martin Island of Bangladesh, although much have been destroyed by mass tourism initiative.

Description

It is a small branched, palm-like dioecious tree with a flexuous trunk supported by brace roots. The tree can grow to a height of 4 meters. Leaves grow in clusters at the branch tips, with rosettes of sword-shaped, stiff (leather-like) and spiny bluish-green, fragrant leaves. Leaves are glaucous, 40–70 cm. long. In summer, the tree bears very fragrant flowers, used as perfume. In Yemen, they are predominantly found alongside flowing streams in the western escarpment foothills; Most common in high rainfall areas.[5] The fragrant male flowers are wrapped in leaves and sold on roadsides and in markets. Only male plants seem to occur in Yemen.[4] Some suggest that it was introduced into Yemen from India where its flowers are used chiefly to make perfume.

Propagation

The tree is propagated vegetatively, by the offshoots of young plants that grow around the base of the trunk, but may also be increased by seed. If by the former method, the offsets should be cut off and set in sand, at a temperature of 65° or 70°. The cuttings root slowly and the plants for a time make very slow growth. The general cultural treatment is that of palms. Trees require an abundance of water in summer.[6]

According to Ibn al-'Awwam's 12-century treatise on agriculture, the kadi (Pandanus odorifer) is cultivated in a similar manner in which the Judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum) is cultivated.[7]

Other uses

An aromatic oil (kevda oil) and fragrant distillate (otto) called keorra-ka-arak are extracted from the male flowers. They are almost exclusively used in the form of a watery distillate called kewra water. Flowers have a sweet, perfumed odor that has a pleasant quality similar to rose flowers, although kewra is considered more fruity. The distillate (kewra water, pandanus flower water) is quite diluted- it can be used by the teaspoon, often even by the tablespoon.

Gallery

• 
  Pandanus odoratissimus in MIyako-jima, Okinawa prefecture

See also

• Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia

References

1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 26 February 2015.
2. Nadaf, A.; Zanan, R. (2012), "Biogeography of Indian Pandanaceae", Indian Pandanaceae - an overview, Springer India, pp. 15–28, doi:10.1007/978-81-322-0753-5_3, ISBN 978-81-322-0752-8
3. "Kewda". FlowersOfIndia.net. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
4. J.R.I. Wood, A Handbook of the Yemen Flora, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1997, p. 315 ISBN 1 900347 31 8
5. Abdul Wali A. al-Khulaidi, Flora of Yemen, Sustainable Environmental Management Program (YEM/97/100), Republic of Yemen, June 2000, pp. 13, 149.
6. L.H. Bailey, Manual of Gardening (2nd edition), New York 1910, Chapter VIII: The Growing of the Ornamental Plants – Instructions of Particular Kinds, s.v. Pandanus.
7. Ibn al-'Awwam, Yaḥyá (1864). Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah) (in French). Translated by J.-J. Clement-Mullet. Paris: A. Franck. p. 304 (ch. 7 - Article 35). OCLC 780050566. (p. 304, Article XXXV). For the cultivating method of the Judas tree, see pp. 303–304.