Omphalotus illudens

Omphalotus illudens, commonly known as the eastern jack-o'lantern mushroom, is a large, orange mushroom that is often found in clumps on decaying stumps, buried roots or at the base of hardwood trees in eastern North America. Nearly all field guides claim its gills often exhibit a weak green bioluminescence when fresh; however, some dispute this entirely as a myth.[1] On the other hand, the green glow, also known as bioluminescence, has been mentioned in several journals, stating that the glow can last up to 40-50 hours after the mushroom has been picked,[2] and that the reason for the green glow is for the fungus to attract insects during the night in order for the insects to distribute the spores throughout the area.[3]

Omphalotus illudens
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Marasmiaceae
Genus: Omphalotus
Species:
O. illudens
Binomial name
Omphalotus illudens
(Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl
Omphalotus illudens
float
Mycological characteristics
gills on hymenium
cap is infundibuliform
hymenium is decurrent
stipe is bare
spore print is yellow
ecology is saprotrophic
edibility: poisonous

Omphalotus illudens is sometimes confused with edible chanterelles, but is poisonous to humans when eaten, whether raw or cooked, and typically causes vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea. Although some older literature claims the name is synonymous with Omphalotus olearius, phylogenetic analysis confirms they are distinct species.[4]

Toxicity

The poisonous chemical compounds illudin S and illudin M were isolated from Omphalotus illudens.[5][6] In addition to their antibacterial and antifungal effects, illudins appear to be the cause of human toxicity when these mushrooms are eaten raw or cooked. Muscarine has also been indirectly implicated in toxicity,[7] but modern studies to demonstrate its presence in O. illudens are needed.

The cytotoxic effect of illudin is of interest for treating some cancers, but illudin itself is too poisonous to use directly so it must first be chemically modified. Inside human cells, illudin S reacts with DNA and creates a type of DNA damage that blocks transcription. This block can only be relieved by a repair system called nucleotide excision repair. Damage in non-transcribed DNA areas is left unrepaired by the cell. This property was exploited by the company MGI Pharma to develop an illudin-derivative called Irofulven for use as a cancer treatment. Its application is still in the experimental phase.[8]

See also

References
  1. Kuo, Michael (May 2015). "Omphalotus illudens". mushroomexpert.com. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
  2. Vanden Hoek, Todd, L.; Erickson, Timothy; Hryborczuk, Daniel; Narasimhan, Kris (May 1991). "Jack O'Lantern Mushroom Poisoning". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 20 (5): 559–561. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(05)81617-8. PMID 2024797.
  3. Oliveira, Anderson, G.; Stevani, Cassius, V.; Waldenmeier, Hans, E.; Viviani, Vadim; Emerson, Jillian, M.; Loros, Jennifer, J.; Dunlap, Jay, C. (March 2015). "Circadian Control Sheds Light on Fungal Bioluminescence". Current Biology. 25 (7): 964–8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.021. PMC 4382382. PMID 25802150.
  4. Kirchmair M, Morandell S, Stolz D, Pöder R, Sturmbauer C (2004). "Phylogeny of the genus Omphalotus based on nuclear ribosomal DNA-sequences" (PDF). Mycologia. 96 (6): 1253–60. doi:10.2307/3762142. JSTOR 3762142. PMID 21148949. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  5. Anchel, M.; Herbey, A.; Robbins, W.J. (1950). "Antibiotic Substances from Basidiomycetes: VII. Clitocybe illudens". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 36 (5): 300–305. doi:10.1073/pnas.36.5.300. PMC 1063187. PMID 15417544.
  6. McMorris, T. C.; Kelner, M. J.; Wang, W.; Estes, L. A.; Montoya, M. A.; Taetle, R. (1992). "Structure-Activity Relationship of Illudins : Analogs with Improved Therapeutic Index". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 57 (25): 6876–6883. doi:10.1021/jo00051a037.
  7. Clark, Ernest D.; Smith, Clayton S. (1913). "Toxicological Studies on the Mushrooms Clitocybe illudens and Inocybe infida". Mycologia. 5 (4): 224–232. doi:10.2307/3753387. JSTOR 3753387.
  8. National Center for Biotechnology Information. "PubChem Compound Summary for CID 148189, Irofulven" PubChem, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Irofulven. Accessed 16 October, 2020.
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