Odiham Castle

Odiham Castle (also known locally as King John's Castle) is a ruined castle situated near Odiham in Hampshire, United Kingdom.

Odiham (King John’s) Castle
North Warnborough, Hampshire, England
Ruins of Odiham (King John’s) Castle.
TypeShell keep with outer bailey
HeightUp to 9 metres (30 ft)
Site information
OwnerHampshire County Council
Open to
the public		Yes
ConditionRuin
Site history
Built1207–1214
Built byKing John
In useUntil mid 16th century
MaterialsFlint
Lime Mortar
Timber
Battles/warsFirst Barons' War
EventsHosted Parliament in the 13th Century
Prison of Scottish King David II

It is one of only three fortresses built by King John during his reign. The site was possibly chosen by King John because he had visited the area in 1204 and it lay halfway between Windsor and Winchester.

Construction

Odiham Castle was built on 20 acres (8 ha) of land acquired from the local lord, Robert the Parker, by modifying a bend in the River Whitewater.

The castle, which took seven years to complete, had a two-storey stone keep and a square moat. There were also raised banking and palisades. Notably, the stronghold also had a domus regis or king's house.

Scrolls held by the Public Record Office indicate that total expenditure between 1207 and 1214, when work ceased, amounted to £1,000 [equivalent to £1,484,600 in 2021[1]].

History
A ground plan of the keep at Odiham Castle, published by the Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland in 1872.

In 1215 it was from either Odiham or Windsor that King John rode out to Runnymede, where he met the barons and attached his seal to the Magna Carta. A year later Odiham Castle was captured by the French after a two-week siege during the First Barons' War in 1216.[2] The garrison of just 13 surrendered on 9 July 1216.[2] At some point over the next nine years the keep was completely rebuilt, possibly to remedy the damage done to it by the French forces.[2] At the same time the mound on which the keep sat was raised by 5 metres and an inner moat surrounding the keep was added to the defences.[3]

In 1238 Simon de Montfort married King John's daughter Eleanor just two years after she had been granted Odiham by her brother, King Henry III.[4] In the following year a kitchen was added on a bridge over the inner moat and a new hall was added on the outside of the keep.[4] During the same period a second building was constructed over the moat, this time on the south eastern side of the keep, to provide extra living space.[5]

In 1263 De Montfort rebelled against Henry and died at the Battle of Evesham in 1265; Eleanor was exiled. Odiham Castle was again retained by the Crown.

The castle was also involved in the rebellion led by the powerful Despenser family against Roger Mortimer and Queen Isabella of France, the wife of Edward II.

Odiham Castle hosted Parliament at least once, in 1303.[6] King David II of Scotland, after his capture at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346, was imprisoned here for 11 years. He was held under a light guard and was allowed to keep a household. Using the castle as a prison seems to have been common practice during the 13th and 14th centuries; the nearby Manor of Greywell was required to provide guards one night in three.[7]

By the 15th century Odiham was used only as a hunting lodge, and in 1605 it was described as a ruin.

In 1792 the Basingstoke Canal was built through the southern corner of the bailey.[8]

Preservation

Odiham Castle is open to the public. The only visible remains are part of the octagonal keep and outlying earthworks. In September 2007 Hampshire County Council undertook a restoration of the shell keep under guidance from English Heritage.[9] The most southerly corner of the moat survives in the form of a small overgrown pond on the opposite side of the canal from the rest of the castle.[8]

Two series of archaeological excavations have been carried out at the castle, one in 1953 reported in a local newspaper, and the other between 1981–1985, carried out by Hampshire County Council Museum Services.[10]

References
  1. UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  2. Willoughby, Rupert (1998). A key to Odiham castle. pp. 2–3.
  3. Willoughby, Rupert (1998). A key to Odiham castle. p. 4.
  4. Willoughby, Rupert (1998). A key to Odiham castle. p. 5.
  5. Willoughby, Rupert (1998). A key to Odiham castle. p. 9.
  6. "Parishes: Odiham – British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk.
  7. Willoughby, Rupert (1998). A key to Odiham castle. p. 7.
  8. Willoughby, Rupert (1998). A key to Odiham castle. p. 19.
  9. Hampshire County Council (2006). "Odiham Castle". Countryside Service. Archived from the original on 2008-06-15. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
  10. Allen, David; Stoodley, Nick (2010), "Odiham Castle Hampshire, Excavations 1981–85", Hampshire Studies: Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society: 32

Further reading
  • MacGregor, Patricia (1983), Odiham Castle, 1200–1500: Castle and Community, Sutton, ISBN 0-86299-030-0

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