Nouthetic counseling

Nouthetic counseling (Greek: noutheteo, to admonish) is a form of evangelical Protestant pastoral counseling based solely upon the Bible and focused on Christ. It repudiates mainstream psychology and psychiatry as humanistic, fundamentally opposed to Christianity, and radically secular. Its viewpoint was originally articulated by Jay E. Adams, in Competent to Counsel (1970) and further books, and has led to the formation of a number of organizations and seminary courses promoting it.[1] The viewpoint is opposed to those seeking to synthesize Christianity with secular psychological thought, but has failed to win them over to a purely biblical approach. Since 1993, the movement has renamed itself biblical counseling to emphasize its central focus on the Bible.[1] The Baker Encyclopedia of Psychology and Counseling states that "The aim of Nouthetic Counseling is to effect change in the counselee by encouraging greater conformity to the principles of Scripture."[2]

Debate within the Christian community

Nouthetic counseling has been criticized as narrowly conceived, with a confrontational focus upon sin and behavior, which fails to deal adequately with emotion, grief, and suffering, and which lacks understanding of complex human motivations.[3]

Clinton and Ohlschlager describe what they call the historic debate between nouthetic counselors and integrationists. Nouthetic counselors, they say, argue that truth can only be known as revealed in the Scriptures. According to an article published by the Spring Christian Counseling Center, secular counseling and psychology are primarily pseudosciences which only can be transformed into "true" sciences within the framework of faith-based Christian dialog. Integrationists argue that God reveals his truth universally. This includes general revelation, or what they define as truth known by scientific investigation, as well as truth known by special revelation in Christ. Clinton and Ohlschlager express their belief that "shrill criticism and rancorous debate" are ill-suited to the mission of uplifting Christ as the model for counseling.[4]

Christian counselor and psychologist, and leading proponent of the rival "community model",[3] Larry Crabb, states that Adams compares behavior patterns "with his understanding of biblical behavior patterns, and commands change". Crabb agrees with Adams that obedience to God's commands is "absolutely necessary for effective Christian living", but takes issue with what he sees as Adams' apparent belief that this is the "single key ingredient for spiritual growth". Crabb believes that this neglects what he refers to as the "'insides' of the behaving person", particularly "the person's assumption system and his evaluation of situations based on his assumptions".[5]

Christians also debate the causes of mental illness and the extent of demonic influence on counselees. Three different views as to the origin of mental illness emphasize respectively:

1. disease occurring in the natural realm,
2. habitual sin, and/or
3. influence by "demonic forces"[6]

Furthermore, "[i]n the counseling field, many nouthetic counselors have said that Satan and his demons were bound, bruised, curtailed and restrained at the time of Christ's death and resurrection. They assert that human beings today primarily struggle with their own sin natures rather than directly with Satan and his emissaries."[6]

Relationship to contemporary psychology

Eric Johnson points out that nouthetic counseling has tended to be "very skeptical of contemporary psychology" and "the efforts of integrationist Christians who seek to combine their faith with that psychology."[7] On page 800, The Baker Encyclopedia of Psychology and Counseling describes Nouthetic Counselors as "zealous to return God and the Bible to positions of authority in the hearts and lives of people", but criticises them as "failing to see the validity in alternative approaches".[8] Donn Arms, a Nouthetic Counselor and associate of Jay E. Adams wrote a response to the Encyclopedia's criticism.[9]

Nouthetic counseling has been criticized for the way its "rational and certain approach can come across as impersonal, emotionally distant, and insensitive."[10]

Nouthetic counseling is viewed as highly controversial by secular psychologists who believe that it is unethical to counsel that the Bible has the answers for all people of all backgrounds.[11]

Some counselors believe that nouthetic counseling can do considerable harm to patients. In addition to techniques which critics consider ineffective, patients who are not helped by nouthetic counseling often consider themselves to be "unfaithful" or religious failures.[12]

See also

• Christian fundamentalism
• Christian psychology
• Psychology of religion

Notes

1. Collins, Gary R.; Johnson, Eric L.; Jones, Stanton L. (2000). Psychology & Christianity. Downers Grove, IL, USA: InterVarsity Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-8308-2263-1.
2. Benner & Hill 1999, p. 249.
3. Clinton & Ohlschlager 2002, p. 46.
4. Clinton & Ohlschlager 2002, pp. 52, 53.
5. Crabb, L (1977). Effective Biblical Counseling: A Model for Helping Caring Christians Become Capable Counselors. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. pp. 150–51. ISBN 0-310-22570-1.
6. Benner, David G (July 1985). Encyclopedia of Psychology. Baker. ISBN 978-0-8010-0865-8.
7. Johnson, Eric (1 June 2009). "A Momentous Evening Forum with ABC". Society for Christian Psychology. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
8. Benner & Hill 1999, p. 800.
9. "Nouthetic".
10. King, SD (2005). "Fundamentalist Pastoral Care". In Hunter, Rodney J (ed.). Dictionary of pastoral care and counseling. Abingdon Press. p. 450.
11. Rowe. "Biblical counseling". NANC. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
12. Winfrey, David (2 January 2007). "Biblical Therapy". The Christian Century. 124 (2): 25–26.

References

• Benner, David G; Hill, Peter C (1999). Baker Encyclopedia of Psychology & Counseling. Grand Rapids. ISBN 978-0-8010-2100-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Clinton, Timothy E; Ohlschlager, George W (2002). Competent Christian counseling. Colorado Springs, CO, USA: WaterBrook Press. ISBN 1-57856-517-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading

• Adams, Jay (1988). The Christian Counselor's Manual: the practice of nouthetic counseling. Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-51150-X.
• Bobgan, Martin; Bobgan, Deidre (1997). The End of "Christian Psychology". Eastgate Publishers. ISBN 0-941717-12-7.
• Harrison, Glynn (Easter 2011). "The New Biblical Counselling, a challenge to 'Christian' psychiatrists" (PDF). Triple Helix. London, UK: Christian Medical Fellowship: 8, 9. ISSN 1460-2253. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
• Koukl, Greg. "Is Biblical Counseling Biblical? Insight from Scripture and Classical Readings to the Current Anathematizing of Psychology" (PDF). Stand To Reason. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
• MacArthur, John; Mack, Wayne (1994). Introduction to Biblical Counseling. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 0-8499-1093-5.
• Myers-Shirk, Susan E (2009). Helping the Good Shepherd: pastoral counselors in a psychotherapeutic culture, 1925–1975. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9047-5., 301 pp.
• Powlison, David (2003). Seeing With New Eyes: Counseling and the Human Condition Through the Lens of Scripture. P&R Publishing Co. ISBN 0-87552-608-X.