Noureddin Kianouri

Noureddin Kianouri (Persian: نورالدین کیانوری‎; 1915–1999) was an Iranian architect, Urban Planner and communist political leader. He was an influential member of the Central Committee for the communist Tudeh Party.[1] He acted as the party's General Secretary from 1979 to 1984.[2]

Noureddin Kianouri
Kianouri in 1979
Born1915
Baladeh, Mazandaran, Iran
Died5 November 1999(1999-11-05) (aged 84)
Tehran, Iran
NationalityIranian
Other namesSilvio Macetti (N.K.)
Alma materUniversity of Tehran
Aachen University
Political partyTudeh Party of Iran
Spouse(s)Maryam Farman Farmaian

Kianouri was a key figure of the Association of Iranian Architects that theoretically and ideologically laid out the mission of the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne in Iran.[3][4] He was one of the research directors of the Bauakademie der DDR under the pseudonym of Silvio Macetti.[5] As a research director of Bauakademie der DDR in Berlin, he designed a new model for high-rise buildings in accordance with socialist urban development concepts differing from East Germany's Plattenbau concept.

After collapse of East Block and German Reunification, Kianouri's architectural and urban planning designs GroßWohnEinheiten (Eng: Residential-Skyscraper-Village, Residential area-Skyscraper-City[6]) were used as the basis of urban planning in the People's Republic of China.[7][8]

He died on 5 November 1999, while under house arrest.[9]

History

Kianouri was son of Agha Mirza Mehdi Nouri and Zahra Khanoum Soltani Nouri, and grandson of Sheikh Fazlollah Noori and Sakineh Nouri Tabrasi (daughter of Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi). He was allegedly a descendant of the Paduspanids, Spahbed of East dynasty from Tabaristan. In the early 1940s, he married feminist and communist activist Maryam Firouz.

Educating Aachen University in Germany

Kianouri was educated in Germany, receiving a Ph.D. in Construction Engineering from Aachen University in 1939.

First return to Iran

After returning to Iran, he was one of the first members of the Association of Iranian Architects in 1945,[10] whose members were put in charge of the design and planning of large-scale housing projects, first in Tehran and later in other cities. He taught at Tehran University.[11]

"A senior lecture on building and construction and fine arts at the University of Tehran’s College of Fine Arts until his arrest in February 1949, Khianuri (Kianouri) has been active in the Tudeh Party since 1944. He was elected to Inspection Commission in 1944 and to the Central Commission in 1944 and ran unsuccessfully the XV Majlis in 1947. He was editor of the CUCTU’s newspaper Beshar during 1948. Khianuri (Kianouri) was sentenced on 22 April to ten years in Perison."[12]

Accusation of an assassination attempt on the Shah and escape from Qasr Prison Tehran
Noureddin Kianouri on the way to Court 1949 in Tehran

On 4 February 1949, the Tudeh Party was accused of an assassination attempt on the Shah during an annual ceremony to commemorate the founding of the University of Tehran. The party subsequently was banned and most of its leaders were imprisoned. Following the 1953 Iranian coup d'état and the subsequent banning of the Tudeh Party, after two years in jail Kianouri escaped from prison and fled first to Iraq and then to Italy. There, with the help of the Italian Communist Party, he received a new identity as Dr. Silvio Macetti (N.K.), a professor of architecture, whose works and writings are still used as references for the theory of socialist architecture.[13][14] Later he lived with his wife Maryam Firouz in exile in East Germany.[15]

Exile in Italy, Sovietunion and GDR 1955

In 1955 Kianouri moved to East Berlin and was later appointed as one of the research directors of the Bauakademie der DDR (DBA) developing theories of socialist architecture and urban planning in close cooperation with his Russian partner Georgy A. Gradov (Russian: Градов, Георгий Александрович).[5] Kianouri and his wife were tried by the regime of Mohammad-Rezā Shāh Pahlavi and sentenced to hard labour for life in absentia.[16] He stayed in East Berlin until 1977, when he was selected as the Secretary General of the Iranian Communist Party.

First-Secretary of the Tudeh Party of Iran
Noureddin Kianouri in the year 1979 in film First Case, Second Case, in the left side sculpture of Nima Yooshij

"Kianuri Born in 1921 is one the youngest members of the Tudeh leadership. He is occasionally mentiond in party propaganda and accompanies Eskandari on trips aboad. Before he fled from Iran in 1956, he was regarded as the party’s leading intellectual and wrote many of its policy statements." (CIA Top Secret Approved For Release 2008/07/29 : CIA-RDP80T00634A000500010030-8).

"The 63-year old Kianuri (Kianouri) spent almost 25 years in exile in East Germany. Kianuri (Kianouri) has been described by those who have met him as intelligent, dedicated, and very conscious of where he wants to lead the party. He replaced party leader Iraj Eskandari in January 1979 with strong Soviet Backing."[17]

Second return to Iran following the 1979 Islamic Revolution
the TV debates[18][19][20] between Mohammad Beheshti and Noureddin Kianouri 1980 in 29 Video Parts released after 40 years of censorship.

The couple returned to Iran following the 1979 Islamic Revolution and the deposition of the Shah. The Tudeh party was reinstituted with Kianouri as General Secretary. Leaving his double identity behind,[21] he returned to Iran in support of the 1979 Revolution, but a few years after, he was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment, accused of working for the Soviet Union as a spy. However, Kianouri's theories of the socialist architecture and urban planning indirectly found their ways to the Iranian architectural scene. Kianouri's work was widely referred to by others, many of whom were members of the Association of Iranian Architects.[22]

Accusations of espionage for Moscow

In 1983, the Tudeh Party was again banned following accusations of espionage for the Soviet Union.[23] Kianouri was imprisoned and later forced to publicly confess on a televised broadcast.[24] After his release to house arrest in the mid 90s, Kianouri wrote an open letter detailing the torture of himself and his wife while in prison.[2][25]

Reynaldo Galindo Pohl special rapporteur of the Commission of Human Rights on Iran [26] from 1986 to 1995 reported: "Three former members of the Tudeh Party are incarcerated in solitary confinement: Mr Kianouri, the former first Secretary, one top level cadre and a party member. Only Mr Kianouri agreed to have his name mentioned in the report.[27] "He strongly denied that he was a foreign agent and had attempted to overthrow the revolutionary government. He confirmed, in the presence of the prison staff and officials, that he had been tortured. "He showed his half-paralysed arms and broken fingers and spoke of other means of torture. Mr Kianouri, the former first Secretary of the Tudeh Party, condemned the execution of thousands of young people, who he said were innocent."

Bibliography

Some Architecture articles & -books of Noureddin Kianouri in Persian Language
  • 1946, Reconstruction of Buildings in Soviet-Union. "Tajdid Sakhteman-haye Kharab Shode dar Etehad Jamahid Shoravi" Arshitekt, 1(2), 58-63. Tehran"</ref>[Реконструкция зданий в Советском Союзе После второй мировой войны 1941-44].
  • 1950, Buildings of "Health and Care" Noureddin Kianouri Tehran.

Some Architecture articles & -books of Noureddin Kianouri in German and Russian Language (Noureddin Kianouri Wrote under a Pseudonym of Silvio Macetti N. K.)
  • 1961, "Forschungskomplex zur »Herausbildung sozialistischer Wohnverhältnisse und zur Entwicklung des Lebensraumes im entwickelten gesellschaftlichen System des Sozialismus" FDJ-Wettbewerb "Haus der Zukunft" (1961) Bruno Flierl und "Silvio Macetti" (Noureddin Kianouri), Free German Youth Architectural design competition "Future house" (1961)
  • 1964 (1964) Das industrielle Bauen und die Gestaltung der Fassade, Erfahrungen aus dem Ausland, Noureddin Kianouri Under A Pseudonym of Dr. Ing. Silvio Macetti 7/1964 Deutsche Architektur VEB Verlag für Bauwesen Berlin(N.K.).
  • 1965, "Grosswohneinheiten-Article" 10/1965 Deutsche Architektur VEB Verlag für Bauwesen Berlin, 1965, "Noureddin Kianouri" under codename Dr. "Silvio Macetti"
  • 1966, Artikle "Bemerkungen zu dem Beitrag, Grosswohneinheiten" von Noureddin Kianouri under codename "Dr. Macetti" [Diskussionsbeitrag], in 18. Plenartagung der Deutsche Bauakademie Berlin Deutsche Architecture 1966, S. 79–81[28]
  • 1966, Zeit und Raum – Entscheidende Faktoren der künftigen Entwicklung der sozialistischen Architektur.In: Deutsche Architektur (1966), H. 1, S. 10–11, Noureddin Kianouri Under A Pseudonym of Dr. Ing. Silvio Macetti .
  • 1967, "Konzeption NK — ein Vorschlag für den industriellen Wohnungsbau" Noureddin Kianouri under codename "Silvio Macetti" Deutsche Architektur 3/1967,.
  • 1956-1966, "Großwohneinheiten" Noureddin Kianouri Under A Pseudonym of "Macetti,Silvio. N.K." VEB für Bauwesen[29].
  • 1968, "Wohnhochhäuser" Noureddin Kianouri under codename "Macetti, Silvio" Zeitschrift Deutsche Architektur 8/1968
  • 1968, "Probleme des Wohnungsbaus" Noureddin Kianouri under codename "Macetti, Silvio" Zeitschrift Deutsche Architektur 10/1968
  • 1968, "Berlinerinnen Und Berliner Wohnen wir nur in der Wohnung?" Noureddin Kianouri under codename "Macetti, Silvio" Zeitschrift ND Neues Deutschland Neues Deutschland Organ Des Zentral Kommititees der Sozialistischen Einheitpartei Deutschland 10/1968
  • 1969, "Ein Aktuelles Problem-Grosswohneinheiten" Deutsche Architektur Band 18 ausgabe 7-12 Deutsche Bauakademie, Bund Deutsche Architekten, original von: Pennsylvania State University digitalisiert 21.sep.2010. "Noureddin Kianouri" under codename Dr. "Silvio Macetti"
  • 1969, Vgl. BArch, DY 34/10771, Bundesvorstand des FDGB Free German Trade Union Federation– Abteilung Sozialpolitik, Gewerkschaftliche Sozialpolitik, Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen, Wohnungsbau und Verteilung des Wohnraums: Grundsätzlicher Standpunkt der Gewerkschaften zu den perspektivischen und prognostischen wohnungspolitischen Aufgaben zur weiteren Entwicklung sozialistischer Wohnbedingungen. Thema 7 des Forschungsplanes des Bundesvorstandes des FDGB, Februar 1969, 173 Seiten, darin: Silvio Macetti, Standpunkt der Gewerkschaften zur Herausbildung sozialistischer Wohnverhältnisse und zur Entwicklung des Lebensraumes im entwickelten gesellschaftlichen System des Sozialismus, S. 41–90.
  • 1970, "Die weitere Entwicklung der sozialistischen Lebensweise und das Problem des städtischen Personenverkehrs" Noureddin Kianouri under codename "Silvio Macetti" Deutsche Architectur Juli 1970[30].
  • 1970, Sozialistische Architektur kontra Konvergenztheorie, Heinz Heuer. Umfrage: Perspektiven der sozialistischen Architektur, Edmund Collein u. a. Bernhard Geyer, Noureddin Kianouri under codname Dr. Silvio Macetti, Otto Patze Helmut Trauzettel. Zeitschrift Deutsche Architektur 8/1970
  • 1971, Ökonomie der Stadt und komplexe Ökonomie des Städtebaus, "Noureddin Kianouri" under codename Dr. "Silvio Macetti" Zeitschrift Deutsche Architektur 10/1971, .
  • 1971, Сильвио Масетти - Крупные жилые комплексы Издание: Издательство литературы по строительству, Москва, 1971 Объем: 185 стр.
  • 1972, Wo steht mein Bett im Jahre 2000? "Noureddin Kianouri" under codename Dr. "Silvio Macetti" Zeitschrift "form+Zweck" ,
  • Ökonomie der Freizeit und Stadtgestalt — Silvio Macetti (Berlin)
  • 1968-1978 "Skizze einer Problemstellung für die Ausarbeitung einer Wissenschaftlichen Prognose der entscheidenden Entwicklungstendenzen des Städtbaus und der Architektur bis zum Jahre 2000 und darüber hinaus, Deutsche Bauakademie zu Berlin, Wissenschafliche Direktion, Abteilung Prognose (unv. Mat.)", "Noureddin Kianouri" under codename Dr. "Silvio Macetti"
  • 1979, "Die komplexe Ökonomie der baulich-räumlichen Umwelt" Noureddin Kianouri under codename Dr. "Silvio Macetti", DH2/21675 Bundes Archive

Some Architecture articles and books that parts content informations about Noureddin Kianouri (Silvio Macetti N. K.)
  • Wohnen. Computer. :4.4.8. Exkurs:  Macetti's  »Großwohneinheiten « (1968) als  Blaupause  für  Kaisers Konzept?, Oliver Sukrow, Doktorand am Institut für Europäische Kunstgeschichte der Universität Heidelberg & Assistant Professor at Vienna Technical University, seite 278
  • Auskunft über Silvio Macetti (N. K.), 2. März 2004, Über Silvio Macetti und seine Arbeit in der DDR, auf Anfrage nach ihm eine kurz gefasste Auskunft, Bruno Flierl "Kritisch denken für Architektur und Gesellschaft", Arbeitsbiografi e und Werkdokumentation 1948-2017, Silvio Macetti (N. K.) 53, 104, 124, 181.
  • Architecture And the Paradox of Dissidence Conference Program , 2012, Prof. Dr. Ines Weizman, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar
  • In alten und neuen Städten, Silvio Macetti (N.K.), gewidmet Georg Piltz (unknown writer?).
  • Article CIAM Goes East: The Inception of Tehran’s Typical Housing Unit, Hamed Khosravi, Architectural Association , School of Architecture,London, WC1B3ES, UK; E-Mail:[email protected], Submitted:1 April 2019|Accepted: 24 June 2019|Published: 30 September 2019, page 159-165.
  • Dr.ir. Hamed Khosravi : The Double Life of N.K. collections and events at IISH. (Dr.ir. Hamed Khosravi is an architect, writer and educator. He was a research fellow at the IISG and a lecturer at the TU Delft Faculty of Architecture.)
  • Bruno Flierl Kritisch denken für Architektur und Gesellschaft Arbeitsbiografie und Werkdokumentation 1948-2017, C2.1 13 Zusammen mit Silvio Macetti. Bemerkungen zu dem Buch „Stadt und Lebensweise“ von G.A. Gradow (Moskau). Brief nach Moskau,12. September 1968, Macetti (N. K.), Silvio 53, 104, 124, 181.
  • Torsten Lange "Spaces for Critique", Barlet School of Architecture UCL, Sep 2008, Pages 18, 19, ...
  • Torsten Lange (Zürich) "Nirgendwo nichts Repräsentationen des Wohnumfelds in der Großsiedlung Berlin-Marzahn zwischen page 2
  • Deutsches Architekturforum "Zukunft des Rathausforums / Marx-Engels-Forums" Klarenbach 17,September 2013.
  • The New Socialist Man in the Plattenbau: The East German Housing Program and the Development of the Socialist Way of Life Annemarie Sammartino1, page 84.
  • Urban Planning (ISSN 2183-7635) 2019, Volume 4, DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2430, Editorial, New Perspectives on the II CIAM onwards: How Does Housing Build Cities?, Doctor of Philosophy Alessandro Porotto and Post-Doc Architect Chiara Monterumisi, page 3. Laboratoire de Construction et Conservation, Faculté de L’Environnement Naturel, Architectural et Construit, École, Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.P.), [email protected] (C.M.)
  •  Hier und im Folgenden Hermann Henselmann, Bemerkungen zu dem Beitrag »Großwohneinheiten« von Dr. Macetti, in: DA, 1965, H. 10, S. 627.
  • "Architekten in der DDR: Realität und Selbstverständnis einer Profession" , Dr. Tobias Zervosen Lehrstuhl für Theorie und Geschichte von Architektur, Kunst und Design Fakultät für Architektur Technische Universität München. pages 258-262, 444.

References
  1. Maziar Behrooz, "Tudeh Factionalism and the 1953 Coup in Iran", International Journal of Middle East Studies (2001), 33:3:363–382 Cambridge University Press
  2. Haleh Afshar, "Maryam Firouz", Obituary, The Guardian, 31 March 2008
  3. Buch Großwohneinheiten Noureddin Kianouri's Architecture book in German Language under code_name Dr. Silvio Macetti N. K., Grudfragen 1, start paragraph 1.1. Zum Begriff des Wohnens ...Nach den Thesen des Internationalen Kongresses der modernene Architeckten (CIAM), die 1933 in der Charta von Athen niedergelegt wurden, ist das Wohnen den Athen nidergelegt Funktionen der Stadt zugeordnet: Wohnen, Erholung und Verkehr. In der charta wird besonders deutschlich die Erkenntnis ausgesprochen, daß der begriff Wohnen im 20.Jahrhundert infolge der Entwicklung der gesellschadftlichen Lebensweise den Rahmen der Wohnung gesprengt hat, [...] Tafel 1 : Gesamttätigkeit des Menschen
  4. Article about Nourredin Kianouri (Silvio Macett N.K.) and CIAM with many Photoes, CIAM Goes East: The Inception of Tehran’s Typical Housing Unit, Hamed Khosravi, Architectural Association , School of Architecture,London,
  5. Bruno Flierl Kritisch denken für Architektur und Gesellschaft Arbeitsbiografie und Werkdokumentation 1948-2017, C2.1 13 Zusammen mit Silvio Macetti. Bemerkungen zu dem Buch „Stadt und Lebensweise“ von G.A. Gradow (Moskau). Brief nach Moskau,12. September 1968, Macetti (N. K.), Silvio 53, 104, 124, 181
  6. ResindenthalSkyScraperCity
  7. Wo steht mein Bett im Jahre 2000? "Noureddin Kianouri" under codename Dr. "Silvio Macetti" Zeitschrift "form+Zweck" , [7] Ökonomie der Freizeit und Stadtgestalt — Silvio Macetti (Berlin), Sckscraper for living of 6000 people
  8. Wohnen. Computer. :4.4.8. Exkurs:  Macetti's  »Großwohneinheiten « (1968) als  Blaupause  für  Kaisers Konzept?, Oliver Sukrow, Doktorand am Institut für Europäische Kunstgeschichte der Universität Heidelberg & Assistant Professor at Vienna Technical University, seite 278, start of deep conflict between to urban development view Grosswohneinheiten of Nourredin Kianouri and DDR development Plattebbau view
  9. "Death of Noureddin Kianouri", The Guardian (Communist Party of Australia), Issue No: 980, November 17, 1999
  10. Architect no. 1, pp. 39 (August–September 1946)
  11. CIAM Goes East: The Inception of Tehran’s Typical Housing Unit Hamed Khosravi Architectural Association, School of Architecture, London, UK
  12. Secret Confidential Copy No. 137 CIA HISTORICAL REVIEW PROGRAM RELEASE IN FULL
  13. CIAM Goes East: The Inception of Tehran’s Typical Housing Unit Hamed Khosravi, Architectural Association, School of Architecture, London, UK
  14. In alten und neuen Städten (gewidmet Georg Piltz)
  15. Secret Confidential Copy No. 137 CIA HISTORICAL REVIEW PROGRAM RELEASE IN FULL Ore 23-49 Published 18 juli 1949 DOC-0000258385 Central Intelligence Agency
  16. Dr.ir. Hamed Khosravi : The Double Life of N.K. collections and events at IISH. (Dr.ir. Hamed Khosravi is an architect, writer and educator. He was a research fellow at the IISG and a lecturer at the TU Delft Faculty of Architecture.)
  17. CIA Top Secret report RDP81B00401R00050Approved For Release 2005/01/10 Section Internal Devisions, page 6
  18. https://www.aparat.com/playlist/350675, Part 1 to 29
  19. https://www.aparat.com/v/d38th?playlist=350675, Part 1, 27 min
  20. https://www.aparat.com/v/e3nbY?playlist=350675, Part 29, 12 min
  21. In alten und neuen Städten, Silvio Macetti (N.K.), gewidmet Georg Piltz.
  22. The List of the members of the society in 1946 included: M. Foroughi, K. Zafer, A. Sadegh, M. Khorsand, A. Ajdari, I. Moshiri, V. Hovanesian, N. Badi, Kianouri, N. Zanganeh, J. Soheyli, P. Abkar, B. Oghyan, A. Tus, S. Mohamadzadeh, H. Ghafari, A. Said-Khanian, A. Afkhami, S. Hashemi, G. Khajouy, R. Kiari, K. Khosravi, A. Moinpour, H. Seyhoun, H. Saneie, H. Ashraf, A. Monfared, Banayi, Kouhang, M. Karimian, F. Sheydani, M. Shrafif, H. Baheri, M. Jafarian, N. Jamei, R. Sayadi, and M. Modabber; “the society news,” 1946, Architect, Vol. 1 (1), p. 39, "PROPAGATING MODERNITIES: ART AND ARCHITECTURAL PATRONAGE OF SHAHBANU FARAH PAHLAVI", A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY BAHARAK TABIBI
  23. Cameron Hume, The United Nations, Iran, and Iraq: How Peacemaking Changed, Indiana University Press (May 1, 1994), pg. 62
  24. Ali Gheissari, Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, Democracy in Iran: History and the Quest for Liberty, Oxford University Press, (2006), pg. 96
  25. Maziar Behrooz, Rebels with a Cause, (2000), p.129
  26. after Andres Aguilar (1984-1986) and before Maurice Copithorne (1995-2002)
  27. The Guardian November 17, 1999, Death of Noureddin Kianouri, Statement of the CC of the Tudeh Party of Iran, November 6, 1999
  28. Buch: Der Architekt, die Macht und die Baukunst Thomas Flierl (Hg.) S. 79–89, 201
  29. Grosswoheinheiten (VEB Verlag), Silvio Macetti N.K.
  30. Die weitere Entwicklung der sozialistischen Lebensweise und das Problem des städtischen Personenverkehrs]
Party political offices
Preceded by
Iraj Eskandari		 First Secretary of the Tudeh Party of Iran
1979–1984		 Succeeded by
Ali Khavari
Preceded by
Abdolsamad Kambakhsh		 Second Secretary of the Tudeh Party of Iran
1971–1979		 Succeeded by
Farajollah Mizani
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