Northern royal albatross

The northern royal albatross or toroa,[3] Diomedea sanfordi, is a large seabird from the albatross family. It was split from the closely related southern royal albatross as recently as 1998,[4] though not all scientists support that conclusion and some consider both of them to be subspecies of the royal albatross.[5]

Northern royal albatross
Northern royal albatross
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Procellariiformes
Family: Diomedeidae
Genus: Diomedea
Species:
D. sanfordi
Binomial name
Diomedea sanfordi
(Murphy, 1917)[2]
Synonyms

Diomedea epomophora sanfordi(Murphy, 1917)[2]

Etymology

Diomedea sanfordi breaks into Diomedea referring to Diomedes, whose companions turned to birds,[6] and sanfordi" in honor of Leonard Cutler Sanford (1868-1950), ornithologist, and trustee of the American Museum of Natural History.[7]

Taxonomy

Albatrosses belong to family Diomedeidae of the order Procellariiformes, along with shearwaters, fulmars, storm petrels, and diving petrels. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns, although the nostrils on the albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.[8]

The northern royal albatross was first described as Diomedea sanfordi by Robert Cushman Murphy, in 1917, based on a specimen from the Chatham Islands.[3]

Description

The northern royal albatross is typically about 115 cm (45 in),[4] weighs 6.2 to 8.2 kg (14–18 lb) and has a wingspan from 270 to 305 cm (106–120 in).[3][9] The juvenile has a white head, neck, upper mantle, rump, and underparts. There is dark speckling on the crown and rump. Its lower mantle and back are white with more black speckling than the crown, and it has dark black-brown upper wings with white flecks on its covert. Its tail is white with a black-brown tip, as are its underwings. There is a black band behind the leading edge of its wings between the carpal joint and the tip. As they age, its head, back, rump, tail, and scapular region whiten. All ages have a pink bill with a black cutting edge on the upper mandible, along with pale pink legs.[4] The northern royal albatross can be distinguished from the southern at sea by its upper wings, the plumage of which are all dark compared to the large areas of white on the southern. The two species also differ in behavior.

Behavior

Feeding

The northern royal albatross feeds on fish, cephalopods, crustaceans, salps, and carrion.[4] Squid is an important part of their diet and can make up 85% of it.

Reproduction
Young northern royal albatross in the colony on Taiaroa Head, New Zealand

They will perform a very extensive mutual or group display, sometimes in the air or on the water. Once they form a bond, the displays lose extravagance. Breeding starts at eight years.[3] They nest biennially, and will build their nests on flat summits of the islands that they frequent. They prefer to be in grass or herbs, and their nest is a low mound of vegetation, mud, and feathers. A single egg is laid, in October or November, which takes both parents around 80 days to incubate. The chick is brooded for a month, and is ready to fledge after around 240 days.[4] Their colonies are denser than those of any other great albatross.

Breeding Population and Trends[4]
Location Population Date Trend
Chatham Islands6,500-7,000 pair2012Stable
Taiaroa Head, South Island60 pair2012Increasing
Total20,0002012Stable

Range

Northern royal albatrosses nest on the Chatham Islands (Forty-fours Island, Big Sister Island, and Little Sister Island), Enderby Island in the Auckland Islands, and at Taiaroa Head on the Otago Peninsula of New Zealand. The Taiaroa Head colony is the only albatross colony found on a human-inhabited mainland in the Southern hemisphere. When they are not breeding, northern royal albatrosses undertake circumpolar flights in the southern oceans, and in particular like the Humboldt Current and the Patagonian Shelf.[4]

Diomedea sanfordi - south east Tasmania

Conservation

Northern royal albatrosses are listed as an endangered species by the IUCN,[1] and they have an occurrence range of 64,300,000 km2 (24,800,000 sq mi), with a breeding range of 8 km2 (3.1 sq mi).[4] 6,500 to 7,000 pairs breed on the Chatham Islands annually along with 60 pairs at Taiaroa Head, for an estimated total of 20,000 birds, although this is a 2012 estimate. In 1985 their main breeding grounds on the Chatham Islands was badly damaged by a series of intense storms and the resulting lack of nesting material has lowered their breeding success. Chicks and eggs of birds breeding on the South Island have also been preyed upon by introduced species, such as cats, bottle flies, and stoats. Finally, longline fishing is the biggest threat to this bird, even though it has been reduced.

To help in the survival of this species, bird banding is underway, Taiaroa Head has predator control in effect during the breeding season, and there are no predators on the Chatham Islands. Enderby Island and Taiaroa Head are nature preserves, and the Department of Conservation had eradicated feral cattle, rabbits and mice from Enderby Island by 1993.[10] Counting of individual birds has been made possible using 30-cm resolution imagery from the WorldView-3 satellite.[11]

Thanks to the efforts of L. E. Richdale, the colony on Taiaroa Head was protected by 1950. 1972 saw the first formal guided viewing of their breeding area, since 2001 more than 100,000 people visit the Royal Albatross Centre annually to watch this species.[3] It has become a tradition in Dunedin each year to chime the bells in the city's public buildings in celebration of the first bird to arrive back to the Taiaroa Head colony.[12]

Footnotes
  1. BirdLife International (2013). "Diomedea sanfordi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Brands, S. (2008)
  3. Robertson, C. J. R. (2003)
  4. BirdLife International (2008)
  5. Clements, J. (2007)
  6. Gotch, A. F. (1995)
  7. Beolens, B., Watkins, M. & Grayson, M., The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals (2009), p.357
  8. Double, M. C. (2003)
  9. Answers.com
  10. Veitch, C. R., et al. (2002)
  11. Fretwell, P. T.; Scofield, P; Phillips, R. A. (3 May 2017). "Using super-high resolution satellite imagery to census threatened albatrosses" (PDF). Ibis. 159 (3): 481. doi:10.1111/ibi.12482.
  12. Foon, Eleisha (2019-09-17). "Dunedin's bells set to ring as city celebrates its albatross". RNZ. Retrieved 2019-09-19.

References
  • BirdLife International (2008). "Northern Royal Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
  • Brands, Sheila (Aug 14, 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Diomedea (Diomedea) epomophora -". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
  • Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850125-1.
  • Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
  • Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8. Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 978-0-7876-5784-0.
  • Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels". Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-8160-3377-5.
  • Robertson, C. J. R. (2003). "Albatrosses (Diomedeidae)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8. Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-7876-5784-0.
  • Veitch, C. R.; Clout, M. N. (2002). Eradication of rabbits and mice from subantarctic Enderby and Rose Islands. Turning the Tide : The Eradication of Invasive Species, Proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives. Occasional papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. 028. pp. 319–320. ISBN 978-2-8317-0682-5.
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