Nonconformity (quality)

In quality management, a nonconformity (sometimes referred to as a defect) is a deviation from a specification, a standard, or an expectation. Nonconformities can be classified in seriousness multiple ways, though a typical classification scheme may have three to four levels, including critical, serious, major, and minor.[1][2][3][4]

While some situations allow "nonconformity" and "defect" to be used synonymously, some industries distinguish between the two; a nonconformity represents a failure to meet an intended state and specification, while a defect represents a failure to meet fitness for use/normal usage requirements.[2] This can be seen in the international software engineering standard ISO/IEC 25010 (formerly ISO/IEC 9126), which defines a nonconformity as the nonfulfillment of a requirement and a defect as the nonfulfillment of intended usage requirements.[5]

Classifying nonconformity

When ensuring quality of a product or a service, classification of a nonconformity is important, as it provides an opportunity to better reduce nonconformity.[1] Many quality management practices will do this using a relatively simple three- or four-level classification system.[2][4] For example, U.S. federal agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration have used a simple three-tier system for quality requirements of government-acquired supplies and services: minor, major, and critical nonconformance.[6] However, some industries may develop their own, custom ranking systems. An example from the automotive industry uses a 10-point system for finer granularity, where, for example, a one represents "none" (no effect), a six "moderate" (vehicle or item operable, but comfort or convenience items inoperable), and a 10 "hazardous without warning" (when a potential failure mode affects safe vehicle operation without warning).[1] Regardless of size, these classification schemes exist to help drive discovery and correction of nonconformities (and defects).[1][4]

Sources of nonconformity

The causes of nonconformities aren't unlimited and therefore determinable. Common causes for deficiencies to arise include:[1]

  • poor communication (or miscommunication)
  • poor documentation (or lack of documentation)
  • poor or limited training of personnel
  • poor motivation of personnel
  • poor quality materials (or lack of appropriate materials)
  • poor quality tools and equipment (or lack of appropriate tools and equipment)
  • poor or dysfunctional operating environment

References
  1. Hoyle, D. (2009). "36. Corrective Action". ISO 9000 Quality Systems Handbook: Using the Standards as a Framework for Business Improvement. Routledge. pp. 687–704. ISBN 9781856176842.
  2. Berger, R.W.; Benbow, D.W.; Elshannawy, A.K.; Walker, H.F., eds. (2007). "Chapter 22 B. Material Control". The Certified Quality Engineer Handbook. ASQ Quality Press. pp. 183–189. ISBN 9780873897006.
  3. Dorf, R.C., ed. (1998). The Technology Management Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 13-34. ISBN 9780849385773.
  4. Mitra, A. (2016). "Chapter 8: Control Charts for Attributes". Fundamentals of Quality Control and Improvement. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118705445.
  5. "ISO/IEC 25010:2011 Systems and software engineering -- Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) -- System and software quality models". International Organization for Standardization. March 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  6. "Federal Acquisition Regulation" (PDF). General Services Administration. March 2005. p. 46.103. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
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