Non-dialable point

In conventional landline telephony, a non-dialable toll point or toll station was a lone station or line serving a rural subscriber many miles from the nearest central office. As it had no home telephone exchange and therefore no local calling area, all connections were obtained manually from the long distance operator.[1]

These toll stations were one of multiple categories of non-dialable points which could only be reached with assistance from the inward operator at destination. Other non-dialable points included locations reachable only by some form of two-way radio and specific categories of manual service.

As manual services are replaced by automated infrastructure and satellite telephony now reaches the most distant points on the globe, truly non-dialable points are becoming rare.

Toll stations

To reach remote rural locations, telephone companies have been created with as little as one subscriber (the Methodist Episcopal Corporation, established in the 1940s to interconnect a Methodist church in Carmanville, Ontario to Bell Canada's long-distance network, was taken over by Bell in 1970).[2]

A similar service was provided in North America using toll stations or "ring downs", individual subscribers who were connected over many miles of landline directly to AT&T long distance with no local calling area. Reachable only with operator assistance, these served points like Deep Springs College in Deep Springs, California (whose telephone number for much of the 1980s remained "Deep Springs Toll Station #2"), far corners of the Nevada or California deserts and a few individual ranches in very remote corners of the Texas Panhandle.[1] In Canada, regional incumbent local exchange carriers (such as Telus in Alberta, MTS in Manitoba or Bell Canada in Ontario and Quebec) provided operator assistance to complete inbound calls to non-dialable points.[3]

Local telephone companies were installing toll stations in distant rural areas as recently as the 1970s.[4] While many of these points have subsequently been moved to conventional dial exchanges, in 1999 just over six hundred toll stations were still in service in the North American Numbering Plan.[5] Many were a lone party line serving some remote hamlet too small for its own telephone exchange.[6] In 1999, more than half of the remaining toll stations were in Canada, with Quebec and Newfoundland the largest users. The remaining US toll stations mostly served rural Nevada, with a handful in California and Oregon.[5]

A request for "Tinyville Toll Station #2" would require the operator to call the inbound operator (NPA+121) or a special ringdown operator (NPA+181) at destination,[7] who would ring the one line to "Tinyville" with a specific pattern to signal the second subscriber to answer. The system created operator confusion and was incompatible with equipment based on auto-dial modems, such as automated teller machines. Nevada Bell and GTE replaced the last of their Nevada toll stations with seven-digit dial service in 2001.[8]

These points originally appeared directly in national AT&T or Bellcore routing tables; each would have its own V and H co-ordinates (as toll calls are billed by distance)[9] and a non-dialable number for billing records (initially within the geographic area code, although often in an invalid format like 702-012-3456). The list of non-dialable points was later maintained by NANPA (in the US)[10] and CNAC (in Canada). A pair of area codes (886 and 889), created along with 887 and 888 in the early 1980s and abolished on July 1, 2003,[11] was used by NANPA and CNAC to list each non-dialable toll point as a rate centre and exchange (a block of 10,000 numbers with an associated geographic pair of V/H co-ordinates for billing distance calculation); these codes have since been reclaimed for use as future toll-free numbers.

88X

During the 1980s and into the early 1990s, AT&T maintained eight pseudo-area codes used to represent non-dialable locations. A "ticket" (manual or electronic) would use the six digits as point identification (out of a table) and rating location (using the V and H coordinates), with zeroes or some other representation using the last four digits. Each 88X-XXX combination had its own point name and V and H coordinates.

881, 882, 883 and 885 were used to refer to locations in Mexico that were not able to be direct dialed; these gradually disappeared as Mexico tied them into its dialing network, becoming a 52X (1 through 9) prefix instead. 88X-XXX would be followed by up to four digits of a local number.

886, 887, 888 and 889 were used to refer to assorted types of locations in Canada and the United States. Where the six-digit combination represented a radio telephone base station, the remaining four digits usually were used to give the last four digits of the radio telephone number. Where the six-digit combination represented a toll station as described above, the last four digits were all zeroes or might represent a specific subscriber sharing the same toll station. These codes were eventually eliminated by need of using the digits for other services, as unlike the ones used for Mexico, their phase-out was far slower.

Manual exchanges

Long after the introduction of local dial service to major cities in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, and the creation of the original 86 North American area codes in 1947, calls to tiny, out-of-the way places required time-consuming setup by multiple manual operators at various intermediate points. As one of many examples, a call from a police sergeant in Los Angeles to a three-digit number in Murphy, Idaho was depicted in the radio version of Dragnet as a two-minute process where the officer dials a local long-distance operator, who contacts a rate-and-route operator, then has Boise, Idaho contact Nampa to manually contact an operator in Murphy, who rings the destination subscriber.[12] On a complex manual routing through multiple points, it was standard practice for the operator to ring the original subscriber back once a call was ready.

Not all manual telephone exchanges were non-dialable points. Some were equipped with apparatus which displayed the called number to an operator when an outside call arrived from an automated dial exchange; this panel call indicator[13] or coded-call indicator working[14] would have made them dialable points from other exchanges, despite the absence of local dial.

If a manual exchange did not have call indicator equipment but did have a published numeric exchange prefix, incoming calls from automatic exchanges would be prompted manually with "Number, please?" after the first few digits (or, in fixed-length store-and-forward systems like the UK director exchanges, the entire number) had already been dialed. In adjacent communities, a dial subscriber would often need to call the neighboring community. The directory would often instruct him to dial a single digit, such as seven, which would connect to the incoming manual operator for the neighboring community.

Destinations with numbers in non-standard lengths or formats may have required an operator dial the number or request assistance of an inward operator at destination. Rural party line numbers in manual exchanges were prone to awkward, non-standard numbering schemes like "line 10, two long rings and one short" which were gradually eliminated as the number of parties on a single line was reduced and the manual switchboard replaced by automatic dial equipment.

Historically, some entire telephone exchanges in remote communities were reachable from the outside world only by shortwave radio. The initial international calls to the Dominion of Newfoundland were made on January 10, 1939 on a Canadian Marconi Company shortwave link through Montréal and required operator assistance even after local calls within St. John's switched to dial in 1948. A similar shortwave radio link joined St. John's to London UK, operated manually.[15] While the original 86 area codes (created in 1947) provided a routing code for operators to dial Montréal (514) or Halifax (902) directly, the operator would have had to ask a Canadian operator to attempt to reach Newfoundland by radio until some time after the April Fools' Day 1949 confederation with Canada.

A similar system continued for many years in Canada's far north; Alma or Val-d'Or were points directly reachable by wire from which calls going further north were at one time carried manually by shortwave radio links. These manual links were gradually rendered obsolete by communications satellites and satellite telephony; even the North Pole, well beyond the reach of geosynchronous satellites, should be within the costly but automated reach of the Iridium satellite constellation.

Manual mobile and marine

The first widespread deployment of automatic mobile telephone service was the Advanced Mobile Phone System, introduced in October 1983 and discontinued in the early 21st century. It, like its successors, is direct-dial. Earlier radio manual mobile systems had a very limited number of mobile channels and required that calls to Mobile Telephone Service and ship-to-shore subscribers be placed via the mobile or marine operator.

Other non-dialable numbers
  • Some numbers were created (by design) solely for internal use by telco operators. These are dialable from the operator console but, absent a breach of security (such as the blue box cracks of the 1960s and 1970s), are not directly reachable by subscribers. These typically included international gateways, inward operators in distant cities[16] and test or information numbers intended for internal telco use.
  • Some international destinations remained undialable from certain countries due to a lack of infrastructure. Calls between the United States and Russia in the Cold War era were one example, as so few lines existed that an operator needed to ring back the calling party when one became available. These limitations are gradually disappearing as the underlying infrastructure improves.[17]
  • A manual freephone number (UK) or Zenith number (US, Canada) was operator-assisted; the operator located the corresponding geographic point (a dialable number) from a list and placed the collect call.[18] These were replaced by area code 800 in North America in 1966-67 and by BT's 0800 Linkline services in the UK in 1985. A few Zenith, Commerce, WX or Enterprise numbers remain in service, but no more are being issued.[19]
  • A non-dialable Call Back Number (CBN) for Enhanced 9-1-1 is not a telephone number. It is a code to indicate the general location of a mobile caller to emergency dispatchers – usually identifying a specific tower, base station or latitude/longitude. This code, while formatted in a manner similar to a telephone number, does not identify a specific handset and therefore cannot be called directly nor through an operator.[20]

References
  1. "The inward operator (John R. Covert; Robert E. Seastrom; Bill Chiarchiaro; Gabe M Wiener)".
  2. Dawber, Michael (August 1, 1997). "Historical Contributions". OurWebHome. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2021.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. http://www.mts.ca/tariffs/pdf/AccessItem10.pdf and http://www.mts.ca/tariffs/pdf/AccessItem41.pdf in MTS ILEC tariff
  4. http://www.company-histories.com/Nevada-Bell-Telephone-Company-Company-History.html
  5. Teya Vitu (May 28, 1999). "Some Nevadans still holding the phone for dial service". Las Vegas Sun.
  6. "Privateline.com Telephone History: Toll Stations". privateline.com. Archived from the original on 17 June 2004.
  7. "The Official Phreaker's Manual".
  8. "'Connect me to Cosgrave No. 3, please'". Tahoe Daily Tribune. June 4, 1999. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015.
  9. http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2001/o2001-719.htm
  10. http://www.nationalnanpa.com/pdf/newsletters/nanpa_april_may.PDF
  11. "World Telephone Numbering Guide".
  12. Presumably, the content of such a call is not good news. How To Make a Long Distance Phone Call ... In 1949, Dragnet radio series (1949-1957), a dramatisation of prior LAPD cases.
  13. http://www.telephonetribute.com/doc/Chapter%207%20-%20Text%20Only.DOC
  14. http://www.samhallas.co.uk/repository/po_docs/e2_cci_working.pdf
  15. "Telegraph and Telephone Companies". Unofficial Clarenville Website. Kevin Elliott. Archived from the original on 2015-01-17. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
  16. Traffic Routing Guide, AT&T, 1977
  17. Phil Lapsley. "Exploding The Phone -- Extra Goodies -- Overseas Dialing". ISBN 9780802120618.
  18. "Re: Remembering Old Zenith Numbers". TELECOM Digest OnLine - Sorted.
  19. "Re: Enterprise and Zenith Numbers". TELECOM Digest OnLine - Sorted.
  20. "Report Number: ESRE0052: Wireless E9-1-1 Phase II Stage 2 Feature Analysis - Update" (PDF). Municipal Finance and Development Agency for Emergency 9-1-1 Call Centres in Quebec. November 22, 2010. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
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