Native American dogs

Native American dogs, or Pre-Columbian dogs, were dogs living with people indigenous to the Americas. Arriving about 10,000 years ago, they are now almost completely extinct except for a small handful of breeds such as Chihuahuas, Alaskan Malamutes, and Greenland Dogs.[1]

Canadian Eskimo Dog.

Origins

The Earliest evidence for dogs in the Americas can be found in Danger Cave, Utah, a site dated between 9,000 and 10,000 years BP (Before Present)[2] Dogs descended from Eurasian Grey Wolves and were brought to the Americas by people who migrated there from Siberia and the Beringian Land Bridge.[1]

In 2018, a study compared sequences of North American dog fossils with Siberian dog fossils and modern dogs. The nearest relative to the North American fossils was a 9,000 YBP fossil discovered on Zhokhov Island, Arctic north-eastern Siberia, which was connected to the mainland at that time. The study inferred from mDNA that all of the North American dogs shared a common ancestor dated 14,600 BP, and this ancestor had diverged along with the ancestor of the Zhokhov dog from their common ancestor 15,600 BP. The timing of the Koster dogs shows that dogs entered North America from Siberia 4,500 years after humans did, were isolated for the next 9,000 years, and after contact with Europeans these no longer exist because they were replaced by Eurasian dogs.

The pre-contact dogs exhibit a unique genetic signature that is now gone, with DNA from the cell nucleus indicating that their nearest genetic relatives today are the Arctic breed dogs - Alaskan Malamutes, Greenland Dogs, Alaskan huskies and Siberian Huskies.[1]

It is theorized that there were four separate introductions of the dog over the past nine thousand years,[1] in which five different lineages were founded in the Americas.[3]

The dogs of the Native Americans were described as looking and sounding like wolves.[4] The Hare Indian dog is suspected by one author of being a domesticated coyote, based on its historical description.[5]

One of the most ancient dog breeds of the Americas, the Xoloitzcuintli (or 'xolo' for short), accompanied the earliest migrants from Asia and had developed into the breed seen today in Mexico by at least 3,500 years ago.[6]

In South America, the introduction of the dog took place somewhere between 7,500 and 4,500 YBP.[7][8] Findings for dogs in South America get only denser by 3,500 YBP but seem to be restricted to agricultural areas in the Andes.[7][8] The oldest finding of a dog for Brazil is dated as 1701 and 1526 cal BP,[7] and for the Pampas of Argentina the oldest is dated as 930 BP.[8] In Perú, depictions of Peruvian hairless dogs appear around A.D. 750 on Moche ceramic vessels and continue in later Andean ceramic traditions.[9]

Historical purposes

Culinary

See also: Dog meat

Some of the cultures that ate dogs were:

Hunting The Tahltan Bear Dog was bred to hunt larger game [13]

Herding

In the Andes region of South America, some cultures like the Chiribaya and Inca used herding dogs, such as the Chiribaya Dog.

Lap dogs and companions

Mexica nobility of Mexico occasionally kept tlalchichi, the direct ancestor of the modern Chihuahua breed, as pets.[14] Some well-preserved and intact dog mummies and other burials with grave goods, such as blankets and food, have been interpreted as pertaining dogs that were considered to have had familial status. At the Inca site of Machu Picchu, dogs with no evidence that would indicate sacrifice have been found in mortuary contexts with and near individuals of apparent high status.[15]

Religious Significance

In South America, several different cultures sacrificed dogs in religious ceremonies. At the site of Pachacamac in Peru, a popular place of pilgrimage and religious ritual best-known for the presence of an oracle, archaeologists uncovered the burials of over a hundred dogs with physical signs of sacrifice. Dogs were sometimes considered to be psychopomps, guides to the afterlife, and were often buried with elite. The Peruvian hairless dog was believed to have supernatural abilities, such as the ability to see spirits, and were seen as a particularly good psychopomps. In Inca times, the dog was also heavily associated with the Moon and was sacrificed during lunar eclipses in order to bring the Moon back.[15]

Breeds and landraces
Top to bottom: Xoloitzcuintle, Carolina, and Canadian Eskimo dogs.

North America:

South America:

Breeds falsely advertised as Native American-originated:

Modern times

Today, most Native American dog breeds have gone extinct, mostly replaced by dogs of European descent.[1] The few breeds that have been identified as Native American, such as the Inuit Sled Dog, the Eskimo Dog, the Greenland Dog and the Carolina Dog have remained mostly genetically unchanged since contact in the 15th century.[23]

Modern free-ranging dogs differ in origin from North to South America. In North America, the Carolina dog has mtDNA links to East Asian dogs, with a shared haplotype with the Shiba Inu in Japan. This suggests that it migrated to North America through Beringia, therefore making it a Native American dog. In South America, on the other hand, free-ranging dogs are almost entirely of European descent.[23]

In 2018, a study compared sequences of fossil North American dogs with fossil Siberian dogs and modern dogs. The study indicates that dogs entered North America from Siberia 4,500 years after humans did, were isolated for 9,000 years, and after contact with Europeans these no longer exist because they were replaced with Eurasian dogs. The pre-contact dogs exhibit a unique genetic signature that is also now gone, with their nearest genetic relatives being canine transmissible venereal tumor and the modern Arctic breed dogs originally introduced by the Inuit.[1]

See also

References
  1. Ní Leathlobhair, Máire; Perri, Angela R; Irving-Pease, Evan K; Witt, Kelsey E; Linderholm, Anna; Haile, James; Lebrasseur, Ophelie; Ameen, Carly; Blick, Jeffrey; Boyko, Adam R; Brace, Selina; Cortes, Yahaira Nunes; Crockford, Susan J; Devault, Alison; Dimopoulos, Evangelos A; Eldridge, Morley; Enk, Jacob; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Gori, Kevin; Grimes, Vaughan; Guiry, Eric; Hansen, Anders J; Hulme-Beaman, Ardern; Johnson, John; Kitchen, Andrew; Kasparov, Aleksei K; Kwon, Young-Mi; Nikolskiy, Pavel A; Lope, Carlos Peraza; et al. (2018). "The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas" (PDF). Science. 361 (6397): 81–85. doi:10.1126/science.aao4776. PMID 29976825.
  2. Leonard, Jennifer A.; Wayne, Rober K.; Wheeler, Jane; Valadez, Raul; Guillen, Sonia; Vila, Carles (2002). "Ancient DNA Evidence for Old World Origin of New World Dogs". Science. 298: 1615–1616.
  3. Leonard, Jennifer A.; Wayne, Rober K.; Wheeler, Jane; Valadez, Raul; Guillen, Sonia; Vila, Carles (2002). "Ancient DNA Evidence for Old World Origin of New World Dogs". Science. 298: 1615–1616.
  4. Dogs: Domestication and the Development of a Social Bond by Darcy F. Morey page 40
  5. "Was the Hare Indian dog a domesticated coyote? | Natural History". Retrieverman.net. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  6. "https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/11/hairless-dog-mexico-xolo-xoloitzcuintli-Aztec/ This Hairless Mexican Dog Has a Storied, Ancient Past]". National Geographic News. 2017-11-22. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
  7. Guedes Milheira, R.; Loponte, D. M.; García Esponda, C.; Acosta, A.; Ulguim, P. (2017). "The First Record of a Pre-Columbian Domestic Dog (Canis lupus familiaris ) in Brazil" (PDF). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 27 (3): 488–494. doi:10.1002/oa.2546.
  8. Luciano Prates, Francisco J. Prevosti, Mónica Berón: First records of Prehispanic dogs in southern South America (Pampa-Patagonia, Argentina). In: Current Anthropology, volume 51, number. 2, April 2010, pp. 273-280, doi: 10.1086/650166.
  9. Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York:Thames and Hudson, 1997.
  10. Kelly (Wiggins), Fanny. "Narrative of My Captivity Among the Sioux Indians", Hartford, Conn.: Mutual publishing company, 1871.
  11. "Hernan Cortés: from Second Letter to Charles V, 1520". Fordham University. Retrieved August 14, 2018. There are also sold rabbits, hares, deer, and little dogs [i.e., the chihuahua], which are raised for eating
  12. Wylde, Michael (2017). The Inca Dogs and Their Ancestors. Ann Arbor, Michigan: ProQuest.
  13. "Pets - Tips & Advice | mom.me". Pawnation.com. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  14. van Asch, Barbara; Zhang, Ai-bing; Oskarsson, Mattias C. R.; Klutsch, Cornelya F. C.; Amorim, Antonio; Savolainen, Peter (2013). "Pre-Columbian Origins of Native American Dog Breeds, With Only Limited Replacement by European Dogs, Confirmed by mtDNA Analysis". Proceedings of the Royal Society: 1–9.
  15. Wylde, Michael (2017). The Inca Dogs and Their Ancestors. Ann Arbor, Michigan: ProQuest.
  16. "Barks From The Past – 10 Extinct Dog Breeds | Dog Reflections". Dogguide.net. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  17. "The Tahltan Bear Dog". Everythinghusky.com. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  18. "Calupoh: the ancient Mexican wolf-dog". San Miguel Times. October 10, 2019.
  19. Rhitu Chatterjee (2013-07-10). "Barking Up The Family Tree: American Dogs Have Surprising Genetic Roots". NPR. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  20. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. "Chinook History". Chinook.org. 1917-01-17. Archived from the original on 2016-07-18. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  22. "Northern Inuit Dog". Petguide.com. 2015-05-21. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  23. van Asch, Barbara; Zhang, Ai-bing; Oskarsson, Mattias C. R.; Klutsch, Cornelya F. C.; Amorim, Antonio; Savolainen, Peter (2013). "Pre-Columbian Origins of Native American Dog Breeds, With Only Limited Replacement by European Dogs, Confirmed by mtDNA Analysis". Proceedings of the Royal Society: 1–9.


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