Mizar

Mizar /ˈmaɪzɑːr/[15] is a second-magnitude star in the handle of the Big Dipper asterism in the constellation of Ursa Major. It has the Bayer designation ζ Ursae Majoris (Latinised as Zeta Ursae Majoris). It forms a well-known naked eye double star with the fainter star Alcor, and is itself a quadruple star system. The whole system lies about 83 light-years away from the Sun, as measured by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite, and is part of the Ursa Major Moving Group.

This article is about the star. For other uses, see Mizar (disambiguation).
Mizar
Location of Mizar (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Ursa Major
Mizar
Right ascension 13h 23m 55.54048s[1]
Declination +54° 55′ 31.2671″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 2.04[2]
ζ1 UMa
Right ascension 13h 23m 55.543s[3]
Declination +54° 55′ 31.30″[3]
Apparent magnitude (V) 2.23[3]
ζ2 UMa
Right ascension 13h 23m 56.330s[3]
Declination +54° 55′ 18.56″[3]
Apparent magnitude (V) 3.88[3]
Characteristics
ζ1 UMa
Spectral type A2Vp/A2Vp[4]
U−B color index −0.01[5]
B−V color index +0.02[5]
ζ2 UMa
Spectral type kA1h(eA)mA7IV-V[6]
U−B color index +0.09[5]
B−V color index +0.13[5]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−6.31[7] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 119.01[1] mas/yr
Dec.: −25.97[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)39.36 ± 0.30[8] mas
Distance82.9 ± 0.6 ly
(25.4 ± 0.2 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)+0.32/+1.96[9]
Orbit
PrimaryMizar Aa
CompanionMizar Ab
Period (P)20.5386 days[10]
Semi-major axis (a)9.83±0.03[11] mas
Eccentricity (e)0.5415±0.0016[10]
Inclination (i)60.5±0.3[10]°
Longitude of the node (Ω)106.0±0.4[11]°
Periastron epoch (T)RJD 54536.9904[10]
Argument of periastron (ω)
(secondary)		105.27±0.23[10]°
Semi-amplitude (K1)
(primary)		66.478±0.153[10] km/s
Semi-amplitude (K2)
(secondary)		66.019±0.177[10] km/s
Orbit
PrimaryMizar Ba
CompanionMizar Bb
Period (P)175.55 d[12]
Semi-major axis (a)29.849 mas
Eccentricity (e)0.46[12]
Details
Mizar Aa
Mass2.2224±0.0221[10] M☉
Radius2.4 ± 0.1[11] R☉
Luminosity33.3 ± 2.1[11] L☉
Temperature9,000 ± 200[11] K
Age370[13] Myr
Mizar Ab
Mass2.2381±0.0219[10] M☉
Radius2.4 ± 0.1[11] R☉
Luminosity33.3 ± 2.1[11] L☉
Temperature9,000 ± 200[11] K
ζ2 UMa
Surface gravity (log g)4.40[14] cgs
Temperature8,425[14] K
Rotational velocity (v sin i)61[14] km/s
Other designations
ζ Ursae Majoris, ζ UMa, Zeta UMa, 79 Ursae Majoris, BD+55 1598, CCDM J13240+5456, HIP 65378, WDS J13239+5456
ζ1 UMa: GC 18133, HD 116656, HR 5054, PPM 34007, SAO 28737
ζ2 UMa: GC 18134, HD 116657, HR 5055, SAO 28738
Database references
SIMBADMizar
ζ1 UMa
ζ2 UMa

Nomenclature

ζ Ursae Majoris (Latinised to Zeta Ursae Majoris and abbreviated to ζ UMa or Zeta UMa) is Mizar's Bayer designation. It also has the Flamsteed designation 79 Ursae Majoris.

The traditional name Mizar derives from the Arabic المئزر miʼzar meaning 'apron; wrapper, covering, cover'.[16] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[17] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016[18] included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Mizar for ζ UMa. According to IAU rules, the name Mizar strictly only applies to component Aa,[19] although it is traditionally and popularly used for all four stars making up the single naked-eye star.[20][21]

Stellar system
The Big Dipper's bowl and part of the handle photographed from the International Space Station. Mizar and Alcor are at the upper right.
The multiple star system of Mizar (the double star on the right) and Alcor (left). The unrelated, fainter star Sidus Ludovicianum can be seen lower down.

Mizar is a visual double with a separation of 14.4 arcseconds, each of which is a spectroscopic binary. Its combined apparent magnitude is 2.04. The two visible stars are referred to as ζ1 and ζ2 Ursae Majoris, or Mizar A and B. The spectroscopic components are generally referred to as Mizar Aa, Ab, Ba, and Bb. The stars all share a single Hipparcos designation of HIP 65378, but separate Bright Star Catalogue and Henry Draper Catalogue entries. Mizar, together with Alcor and many of the other bright stars in Ursa Major, is a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group.[22]

An easily split visual target, Mizar was the first telescopic binary discovered, most probably by Benedetto Castelli who in 1617 asked Galileo Galilei to observe it. Galileo then produced a detailed record of the double star.[23] Later, around 1650, Riccioli wrote of Mizar appearing as a double.[24] The secondary star (Mizar B) comes within 380 AU of the primary (Mizar A) and the two take thousands of years to revolve around each other.[25]

Mizar A was the first spectroscopic binary to be discovered, as part of Antonia Maury's spectral classification work, and an orbit was published in 1890. Some spectroscopic binaries cannot be visually resolved and are discovered by studying the spectral lines of the suspect system over a long period of time. The two components of Mizar A are both about 35 times as bright as the Sun, and revolve around each other in about 20 days 12 hours and 55 minutes. In 1908, Mizar B was also found to be a spectroscopic binary, its components completing an orbital period every six months.[8] In 1996, 107 years after their discovery, the components of the Mizar A binary system were imaged in extremely high resolution using the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer.[26]

ζ1 Ursae Majoris
Radial velocity curves for the two almost identical components

The two components of ζ1 Ursae Majoris (Mizar Aa and Ab) are observed to be identical, with the exception of slightly different radial velocity variations which indicate very slightly different masses.

The spectral lines of the two stars can be observed separately and both are given a spectral type of A2Vp. They are Ap stars, chemically peculiar due to stratification of some heavy elements in the photosphere of slowly-rotating hot stars. In this case, they show elevated abundances of strontium and silicon.[27]

With the assumption of identical physical properties for the two stars, they both have temperatures of 9,000 K, radii of 2.4 R☉, and bolometric luminosities of 33.3 L☉.[11] They are thought to be around 370 million years old.[13]

ζ2 Ursae Majoris

ζ2 Ursae Majoris is a single-lined spectroscopic binary, and the visible spectrum is of an Am star, named for their unusually strong lines of some metals. The spectral type of kA1h(eA)mA7IV-V is in a form used for metallic-lined stars: the type is A1 based on the calcium K lines, early A based on the hydrogen lines, and A7 based on lines of other metals. The luminosity class is ranked between main sequence and subgiant.

Based on the orbital properties of the system, the total mass of the two stars is approximately 2.1 solar masses, most of which is contributed by the primary star.[28]

Other names

Mizar is known as Vashistha, one of the Saptarishi, in traditional Indian astronomy.[29] Chinese Taoism personifies ζ Ursae Majoris as the Lu star.[30]

In Chinese, 北斗 (Běi Dǒu), meaning Northern Dipper, refers to an asterism equivalent to the Big Dipper. Consequently, the Chinese name for ζ Ursae Majoris itself is 北斗六 Běi Dǒu liù, (English: the Sixth Star of Northern Dipper) and 開陽 Kāi Yáng, (English: Star of The Opener of Heat).[31]

In the Mi'kmaq myth of the great bear and the seven hunters,[32] Mizar is Chickadee and Alcor is his cooking pot.

Military namesakes

See also

References
  1. van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.
  2. Mermilliod, J.-C (1986). "Compilation of Eggen's UBV data, transformed to UBV (unpublished)". Catalogue of Eggen's UBV Data. Bibcode:1986EgUBV........0M.
  3. Fabricius, C; Høg, E; Makarov, V. V; Mason, B. D; Wycoff, G. L; Urban, S. E (2002). "The Tycho double star catalogue". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 384: 180–189. Bibcode:2002A&A...384..180F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011822.
  4. Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (2008). "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 389 (2): 869–879. arXiv:0806.2878. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x. S2CID 14878976.
  5. Iriarte, Braulio; Johnson, Harold L; Mitchell, Richard I; Wisniewski, Wieslaw K (1965). "Five-Color Photometry of Bright Stars". Sky and Telescope. 30: 21. Bibcode:1965S&T....30...21I.
  6. Gray, R. O; Garrison, R. F (1987). "The early a type stars - Refined MK classification, confrontation with Stroemgren photometry, and the effects of rotation". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 65: 581. Bibcode:1987ApJS...65..581G. doi:10.1086/191237.
  7. Pourbaix, D; Tokovinin, A. A; Batten, A. H; Fekel, F. C; Hartkopf, W. I; Levato, H; Morrell, N. I; Torres, G; Udry, S (2004). "SB9: The ninth catalogue of spectroscopic binary orbits". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 424 (2): 727–732. arXiv:astro-ph/0406573. Bibcode:2004A&A...424..727P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041213. S2CID 119387088.
  8. Mamajek, Eric E.; Kenworthy, Matthew A.; Hinz, Philip M.; Meyer, Michael R. (2010). "Discovery of a Faint Companion to Alcor Using MMT/AO 5 μm Imaging". The Astronomical Journal. 139 (3): 919–925. arXiv:0911.5028. Bibcode:2010AJ....139..919M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/139/3/919. S2CID 51834159.
  9. King, Jeremy R; Villarreal, Adam R; Soderblom, David R; Gulliver, Austin F; Adelman, Saul J (2003). "Stellar Kinematic Groups. II. A Reexamination of the Membership, Activity, and Age of the Ursa Major Group". The Astronomical Journal. 125 (4): 1980. Bibcode:2003AJ....125.1980K. doi:10.1086/368241.
  10. Behr, Bradford B; Cenko, Andrew T; Hajian, Arsen R; McMillan, Robert S; Murison, Marc; Meade, Jeff; Hindsley, Robert (2011). "Stellar Astrophysics with a Dispersed Fourier Transform Spectrograph. II. Orbits of Double-lined Spectroscopic Binaries". The Astronomical Journal. 142 (1): 6. arXiv:1104.1447. Bibcode:2011AJ....142....6B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/1/6. S2CID 119099887.
  11. Hummel, C. A.; Mozurkewich, D.; Armstrong, J. T.; Hajian, Arsen R.; Elias Ii, N. M.; Hutter, D. J. (1998). "Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer Observations of the Double Stars Mizar a and Matar". The Astronomical Journal. 116 (5): 2536. Bibcode:1998AJ....116.2536H. doi:10.1086/300602.
  12. Iliev, I. Kh; Budaj, J; Zverko, J; Barzova, I. S; Ziznovsky, J (1998). "Lithium and metal abundances in long period AM binaries". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 128 (3): 497. Bibcode:1998A&AS..128..497I. doi:10.1051/aas:1998160.
  13. Thureau, N. D; Greaves, J. S; Matthews, B. C; Kennedy, G; Phillips, N; Booth, M; Duchêne, G; Horner, J; Rodriguez, D. R; Sibthorpe, B; Wyatt, M. C (2014). "An unbiased study of debris discs around A-type stars with Herschel" (PDF). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 445 (3): 2558. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.445.2558T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1864.
  14. Monier, R (2005). "Abundances of a sample of a and F-type dwarf members of the Ursa Major Group". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 442 (2): 563–566. Bibcode:2005A&A...442..563M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053222.
  15. Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
  16. Wehr, Hans (1994). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Arabic-English) (4 ed.). Urbana, Illinois: Spoken Language Services. p. 17. ISBN 0879500034.
  17. "IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
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  22. Jones, Jeremy; White, R. J; Boyajian, T; Schaefer, G; Baines, E; Ireland, M; Patience, J; Ten Brummelaar, T; McAlister, H; Ridgway, S. T; Sturmann, J; Sturmann, L; Turner, N; Farrington, C; Goldfinger, P. J (2015). "The Ages of A-Stars. I. Interferometric Observations and Age Estimates for Stars in the Ursa Major Moving Group". The Astrophysical Journal. 813 (1): 58. arXiv:1508.05643. Bibcode:2015ApJ...813...58J. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/813/1/58. S2CID 16600591.
  23. Michael Marett-Crosby (28 June 2013). Twenty-Five Astronomical Observations That Changed the World: And How To Make Them Yourself. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-1-4614-6800-4.
  24. Steven J. Dick (9 September 2013). Discovery and Classification in Astronomy: Controversy and Consensus. Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–. ISBN 978-1-107-03361-0.
  25. Robert Burnham (1978). Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-23673-5.
  26. Benson, J. A; Hutter, D. J; Elias, N. M; Bowers, P. F; Johnston, K. J; Hajian, A. R; Armstrong, J. T; Mozurkewich, D; Pauls, T. A; Rickard, L. J; Hummel, C. A; White, N. M; Black, D; Denison, C. S (1997). "Multichannel optical aperture synthesis imaging of zeta1 URSAE majoris with the Navy prototype optical interferometer". Astronomical Journal. 114: 1221. Bibcode:1997AJ....114.1221B. doi:10.1086/118554.
  27. Abt, H. A; Cardona, O (1984). "The nature of the visual companions of AP and AM stars". Astrophysical Journal. 276: 266. Bibcode:1984ApJ...276..266A. doi:10.1086/161610.
  28. Tokovinin, A. A. "HD 116657". Multiple Star Catalog. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  29. V.Chandran (1993-01-01). Astronomy Quiz Book. Pustak Mahal, 1993. ISBN 978-81-223-0366-7. ... the seven rishis in the constellation Saptarishi (Ursa Major) ... In Vasishta (Zeta), its tiny companion star is named after Arundhati, the wife of Vasishta ... today known by their Arabic names Dubhe (Kratu), Merak (Pulaha), Phekda (Pulastya), Megrez (Atri), Benetnash (Marichi) and Mizar (Vasishta) ...
  30. Ming-Dao Deng (19 February 2013). The Lunar Tao: Meditations in Harmony with the Seasons. HarperCollins. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-0-06-220591-9.
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