Mitigation

Mitigation is the reduction of something harmful or the reduction of its harmful effects.[1] It may refer to measures taken to reduce the harmful effects of hazards that remain in potentia,[2] or to manage harmful incidents that have already occurred.[1] It is a stage or component of emergency management and of risk management.[2]

Disaster mitigation

An all-hazards approach to disaster management considers all known hazards and their natural and anthropogenic potential risks and impacts, with the intention of ensuring that measures taken to mitigate one type of risk do not increase vulnerability to other types of risks. Proactive disaster mitigation measures are generally more effective than reactive measures in eliminating or reducing the impacts,[2] but not all disasters are reasonably foreseeable, and when an unforeseen disaster occurs, mitigation is necessarily after the fact. Proactive disaster mitigation measures may be structural or non-structural, and will generally be based on measurement and assessment of the risk and the cost of setting up the measures, and possibly the cost of maintenance.[3] Mitigation planning identifies policies and actions that can be taken over the long term to reduce risk, and in the event of a disaster occurring, minimise loss. Such policies and actions are based on a risk assessment, using the identified hazards, vulnerabilities and probabilities of occurrence and estimates of impact to calculate risks, and are generally planned in cooperation with the stakeholder groups.[2] The principles are applicable to mitigation of risk in general.

Planning processes may include:[2]

• Stakeholder agreement on actions for risk reduction
• Assessment of relative risk and vulnerability
• Building partnerships among stakeholders
• Increasing awareness of hazards, vulnerabilities and risk
• Establishing priorities
• Aligning risk reduction and mitigation strategies with other objectives

Risk assessment and mitigation measures may include:[3]

• Hazard mapping
• Flood plain mapping
• Land use and zoning practices
• Implementing and enforcing appropriate building codes
  • Reinforced tornado safe rooms
  • Burying of electrical cables to prevent ice build-up
  • Raising of buildings in flood-prone areas
• Public awareness programs
• Insurance programs

Index to Wikipedia articles on mitigation

Wikipedia has a range of articles on Mitigation in various contexts, including:

Environment

• Climate change mitigation – Actions to limit the magnitude of climate change and its impact on human activities
• Environmental mitigation in public administration; also, in particular:
  • Mitigation banking – Preservation, enhancement, restoration or creation of a wetland, stream, or habitat conservation area to offset expected degradation of a nearby area
• Disaster mitigation in emergency management; also, in particular:
  • Flood mitigation – Management and control of flood water movement
  • Landslide mitigation – Modifications to slopes to reduce the effect of landslides
  • Hurricane mitigation
• Radon mitigation – Any process used to reduce radon gas concentrations in the breathing zones of occupied buildings, or radon from water supplies

Information technology

• Mitigation, a kind of defense against security issues in computing, as part of vulnerability management

Law

• Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, a U.S. federal legislation passed in 2000 that amended provisions of the United States Code related to disaster relief
• Mitigation (law), the principle that a party who has suffered loss has to take reasonable action to minimize the amount of the loss suffered
• Also in law, mitigating factors may cause a crime to be considered less serious, or provide a reason to make a punishment less severe.[4]

Medicine

• Mitigation in epidemiology

Occupational safety and health

Mitigation of the effects of incidents and health hazards is one of the central precepts of occupational safety and health. It is generally recognised that people at work may necessarily be exposed to hazards, and that it is not always possible to eliminate the associated risk, making it necessary to deal with the consequences on those occasions when harmful incidents occur.

Politics

• Mitigation of political risk

See also

• Hazard – A substance or situation which has the potential to cause harm to health, life, the environment, property, or any other value
• Hazard analysis – The identification of present hazards as the first step in a process to assess risk
• Risk – The probability of loss of something of value
• Risk assessment – Estimation of risk associated with exposure to a given set of hazards
• Emergency management – Dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) – United States disaster response agency, part of Department of Homeland Security
• Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies
• Disaster risk reduction

References

1. "Mitigation". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
2. "Beyond the Basics: Best Practices in Local Mitigation Planning: Introduction". mitigationguide.org.
3. "About Disaster Mitigation". www.publicsafety.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
4. "Mitigation". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 5 April 2020.