Micrurus corallinus

Micrurus corallinus is a species of highly venomous elapid snake native to South America (Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay).[1] There are no recognized subspecies.[2]

Micrurus corallinus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Elapidae
Genus: Micrurus
Species:
M. corallinus
Binomial name
Micrurus corallinus
(Merrem, 1820)
Synonyms

Elaps corallinus

Common names

Common names of this species include painted coral snake, cobra coral pintada,[2] mboi-chumbe, vibora de coral, boicora, bocora, coral-verdadeira, ibiboboca, and mboi-yvyvovo.[1]

Description and Behavior

The painted coral snake is a medium-sized tri-colored snake which can grow to 98 cm (39 in), but most are closer to 65 cm (26 in) to 85 cm (33 in).,[1] it is a snake with nocturnal habits found on the coastlines, through leaves, on top of logs and stones, its diet is based on lizards, other snakes (including coluibrids), amphisbenids and gymnophils.[3][4]

The head color is black with a white or yellow back band, which narrows strongly in a dorsal shape, the bodies have wide red rings that are separated by a series of 15-27 (usually 17-21) by wide and narrow black rings and with white borders. The tail has 3 to 8 alternating black and yellow rings.[5] They have a slim body, with a moderately short tail in the case of males and very short in the case of females, the head is round, small and a little distant from the neck. The eyes are slightly small with round pupils. It has smooth and shiny dorsal scales, without apical punctuation. The supra-anal keels are absent in males.[6]

Distribution and habitat

Its range includes South America in Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Santa Catarina, Espírito Santo), northeastern Argentina (Misiones), and Paraguay. It is mainly found in the Amazon basin in tropical deciduous and evergreen forest at elevations ranging from sea level to 500 m.[1]

Reproduction

Reproduction is oviparous, laying about 15 eggs.[5]

Venom

It is not aggressive towards humans, the group of coral snakes represents only 1% of accidents in central and south America, however the venom produced by them is highly potent, with neurotoxic action, causing neuromuscular block, which results in death from respiratory arrest, resulting from paralysis of the respiratory muscles. The LD50 for a 5-27 grams mouse is 0,007 mg.[7][8] 0.2 mg/kg (intramuscular injection), 0.09 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) and 0.04 mg/kg (intravenous).

The venom of this species is compound of the three-finger toxin families, Phospholipase A2, L-amino acid oxidase, True venom lectin, SVMP (snake venom metalloproteinase), Kunitz-type inhibitor (Venom Kunitz-type), NGF (NGF -beta) and Waprin.[9] The average venom yield ranges from 10–12 mg.[6] The venom of this species has presynaptic activity.[10] The M. corallinus has alpha - neurotoxins with pre - synaptic activity that causes a high and spontaneous release of acetylcholine associated with the postsynaptic block of the electrical transmission between the nerve and the muscle.[11]

References
  1. AFBMP. "Micrurus corallinus". AFBMP Living Hazards Database. AFBMP. Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2011-10-15.
  2. Micrurus corallinus. The Reptile Database.
  3. "Micrurus Corallinus - Coral e Peçonhenta | Animais - Cultura Mix". animais.culturamix.com. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  4. Serapicos, Eliana de Oliveira; Merusse, José Luiz Bernardino (December 2002). "Análise comparativa entre tipos de alimentação de Micrurus corallinus (Serpentes, Elapidae) em cativeiro". Iheringia. Série Zoologia (in Portuguese). 92 (4): 99–103. doi:10.1590/S0073-47212002000400012. ISSN 0073-4721.
  5. https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/afpmb/docs/lhd/venomous_animals_byspecies.pdf
  6. "WCH Clinical Toxinology Resources". www.toxinology.com. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
  7. "Lethal dose 50% (LD50) of Micrurus spp snake venoms determined in murine model". 2015-12-02. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000622.t001. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. Sant’Ana Malaque, Ceila Maria; Gutiérrez, José María (2016), Brent, Jeffrey; Burkhart, Keith; Dargan, Paul; Hatten, Benjamin (eds.), "Snakebite Envenomation in Central and South America", Critical Care Toxicology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–22, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_146-1, ISBN 978-3-319-20790-2, retrieved 2020-09-30
  9. "Micrurus corallinus ~ VenomZone page". venomzone.expasy.org. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
  10. https://bibliotecadigital.butantan.gov.br/arquivos/44/PDF/4.pdf
  11. https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-17072002-213926/publico/TDE_ARBPS.pdf
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