Metallic microlattice

A metallic microlattice is a synthetic porous metallic material consisting of an ultra-light metal foam. With a density as low as 0.99 mg/cm3 (0.00561 lb/ft3), it is one of the lightest structural materials known to science.[1] It was developed by a team of scientists from California-based HRL Laboratories, in collaboration with researchers at University of California, Irvine and Caltech, and was first announced in November 2011. The prototype samples were made from a nickel-phosphorus alloy.[2] In 2012, the microlattice prototype was declared one of 10 World-Changing Innovations by Popular Mechanics.[3] Metallic microlattice technology has numerous potential applications in automotive and aeronautical engineering.[4] A detailed comparative review study among other types of metallic lattice structures showed them to be beneficial for light-weighting purposes but expensive to manufacture.[5]

A block of metallic microlattice being supported by a dandelion seed head.

Synthesis

To produce their metallic microslattice, the HRL/UCI/Caltech team first prepared a polymer template using a technique based on self-propagating waveguide formation,[6][7] though it was noted that other methods can be used to fabricate the template.[8] The process passed UV light through a perforated mask into a reservoir of UV-curable resin. Fiber-optic-like "self-trapping" of the light occurred as the resin cured under each hole in the mask, forming a thin polymer fiber along the path of the light. By using multiple light beams, multiple fibers could then interconnect to form a lattice.

The process was similar to photolithography in that it used a two-dimensional mask to define the starting template structure, but differed in the rate of formation: where stereolithography might take hours to make a full structure, the self-forming waveguide process allowed templates to be formed in 10–100 seconds. In this way, the process enables large free-standing 3D lattice materials to be formed quickly and scalably. The template was then coated with a thin layer of metal by electroless nickel plating, and the template is etched away, leaving a free-standing, periodic porous metallic structure. Nickel was used as the microlattice metal in the original report. Owing to the electrodeposition process, 7% of the material consisted of dissolved phosphorus atoms, and it contained no precipitates.[8]

Properties

A metallic microlattice is composed of a network of interconnecting hollow struts. In the least-dense microlattice sample reported, each strut is about 100 micrometres in diameter, with a wall 100 nanometres thick. The completed structure is about 99.99% air by volume,[2] and by convention, the mass of air is excluded when the microlattice density is calculated.[8] Allowing for the mass of the interstitial air, the true density of the structure is approximately 2.1 mg/cm3 (2.1 kg/m3), which is only about 1.76 times the density of air itself at 25 °C. The material is described as being 100 times lighter than Styrofoam.[9]

Metallic microlattices are characterized by very low densities, with the 2011 record of 0.9 mg/cm3 being among the lowest values of any known solid. The previous record of 1.0 mg/cm3 was held by silica aerogels, and aerographite is claimed to have a density of 0.2 mg/cm3.[10] Mechanically, these microlattices are behaviorally similar to elastomers and almost completely recover their shape after significant compression.[11] This gives them a significant advantage over earlier aerogels, which are brittle, glass-like substances. This elastomeric property in metallic microlattices furthermore results in efficient shock absorption. Their Young's modulus E exhibits different scaling, with the density ρ, E ~ ρ2, compared to E ~ ρ3 in aerogels and carbon nanotube foams.[8]

Applications

Metallic microlattice may find potential applications as thermal and vibration insulators such as shock absorbers, and may also prove useful as battery electrodes and catalyst supports.[8] Additionally, the microlattices' ability to return to their original state after being compressed may make them suitable for use in spring-like energy storage devices.[2] Autmotive and aeronautical manufacturers are using microlattice technology to develop extremely lightweight and efficient structures that combine multiple functions, such as structural reinforcement and heat transfer, into single components for high-performance vehicles.[4]

Similar materials

A similar but denser material, consisting of an electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel layer over a polymeric rapid-prototyped truss, was created by researchers at the University of Toronto in 2008.[12] In 2012, German researchers created a carbon foam known as aerographite, with an even lower density than a metallic microlattice.[13] In 2013, Chinese scientists developed a carbon-based aerogel which was claimed to be lighter still.[1]

Nanolattices like tube-based nanostructures are similar structures on a smaller scale.

References
  1. "In pictures: Ultra-light material". BBC. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  2. "Metallic microlattice 'lightest structure ever'". Chemistry World. 17 November 2011. Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  3. Sterling, Robert (29 October 2012). "The world's lightest material". Boeing. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  4. "MICROLATTICE: HOW REVOLUTIONARY METALLIC STRUCTURES ARE BENEFITING GLOBAL MANUFACTURERS". Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 28 February 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  5. Rashed, M.G.; Ashraf, Mahmud; Mines, R.A.W.; Hazell, Paul J. (2016). "Metallic microlattice materials: A current state of the art on manufacturing, mechanical properties and applications". Materials & Design. 95: 518–533. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.146.
  6. Jacobsen, A.J.; Barvosa-Carter, W.B.; Nutt, S. (2007). "Micro-scale Truss Structures formed from Self-Propagating Photopolymer Waveguides". Advanced Materials. 19 (22): 3892–3896. doi:10.1002/adma.200700797.
  7. US patent 7382959, Alan J. Jacobsen, "Optically oriented three-dimensional polymer microstructures", assigned to HRL Laboratories, LLC.
  8. Schaedler, T. A.; Jacobsen, A. J.; Torrents, A.; Sorensen, A. E.; Lian, J.; Greer, J. R.; Valdevit, L.; Carter, W. B. (12 October 2011). "Ultralight Metallic Microlattices". Science. 334 (6058): 962–5. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..962S. doi:10.1126/science.1211649. PMID 22096194. S2CID 23893516.
  9. "World's 'lightest material' unveiled by US engineers". BBC News. 18 November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
  10. "New carbon nanotube struructure aerographite is lightest material champ". Phys.org. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  11. Stephen Shankland (18 November 2011). "Breakthrough material is barely more than air". CNET. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  12. Gordon, L.M.; Bouwhuis, B.A.; Suralvo, M.; McCrea, J.L.; Palumbo, G.; Hibbard, G.D. (2009). "Micro-truss nanocrystalline Ni hybrids". Acta Materialia. 57 (3): 932–939. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2008.10.038.
  13. "Aerographit: Forscher entwickeln leichtestes Leichtgewicht". Der Spiegel (in German). 11 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
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