Meta menardi

Meta menardi, the European cave spider, is a long-jawed orb-weaving spider (family Tetragnathidae).[1] It is also known as the orbweaving cave spider, the cave orbweaver and, in context, simply the cave spider.

European cave spider
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Tetragnathidae
Genus: Meta
Species:
M. menardi
Binomial name
Meta menardi
(Latreille, 1804)

Habitat

They have a natural range extending from Scandinavia to North Africa and from Europe to Korea; there are also transplanted populations as far apart as Japan and Madagascar.

The adult spiders are photophobic and live in places free from light, frequently in caves and tunnels, though they can sometimes be seen outside of caves and mines as they will emerge around dusk to hunt, often using a single silk lasso line and swinging down upon their prey. They are often found in areas that are frequented by bats. The spiders are most often observed in railway tunnels and mines since these are more likely to be visited by humans. The young spiders are, after several instars (and in contrast to the adults), strongly attracted to light[2]—probably an evolutionary adaptation which ensures the spread of the species to new areas (see Life cycle for further details).

Meta menardi ♀

Morphology

They are shiny satin black to reddish brown in colour, often having a different-coloured rear body which varies from black, brown or even olive green and are one of the largest spiders found in the United Kingdom, adults reaching roughly 5 cm legspan and 15 mm body length. However, the giant house spider, cardinal spider and the raft spider are larger. It is widespread and locally abundant, although rarely noticed due to its habits. They are neither endangered nor protected[3] in the UK.

Meta menardi closely resembles Meta bourneti, which sports a fainter mark on its abdomen and no rings on its legs.[4]

The ecology of the two species is very similar. On the other hand, the two species seems to exhibit different tolerance to the microclimatic variations within the cave, which emerged as the main factors determining the differentiation of their niche.[5]

Cave spiders feed on smaller invertebrates, most frequently myriapods and slugs.[6]

The European cave spider is not dangerous to humans and although (in common with nearly all spiders) they have venom, its effect on large mammals is negligible. They are unlikely to bite if carefully handled but if sufficiently provoked they are capable of inflicting an unpleasant "nip". They are non-aggressive and generally slow moving and are regarded (by arachnophiles) as "gentle giants".

Life cycle

After mating, females produce a drop-shaped Egg sac (cocoon).

Egg sacs are tear-shaped white pendants (sometimes with a slightly yellow centre) usually hanging from the roof of the habitat by a silk thread approximately 20 mm long. Egg sacs are usually laid in the vicinity of the cave entrance, where the air flow velocity ranges between 0.3 and 0.6 m/s.

The cocoon (2–3 cm in radius) contains an average of 200/300 eggs and is laid near the cave entrance at the end of the summer. After hatching, the spiderlings remain in the cocoon until the first molt, feeding on the yolk. They leave the cocoon in spring, move towards the cave entrance and disperse via ballooning outside the cave.[5][7]

Media mistakes

A media frenzy was caused when British Telecom engineers working in the grounds of Windsor Castle discovered a colony living in conduits and manholes. These were incorrectly described as swarms of aggressive spiders, up to 9 cm in size, which a leading entomologist believed were venomous. The BBC reported that it "may be a new species or a type of spider previously thought to have been extinct for thousands of years."[8] The initial incident was widely reported but when the species was properly identified the matter received little publicity.

References
  1. Locket, Millidge & Merrett, British Spiders vol III, 1974, ISBN 978-0-903874-02-1
  2. Smithers P, Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 2005, Vol 13; Part 6 Pages 213-216
  3. UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee, http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1815 Archived 2009-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
  4. HUBERT, Michel (1979). Les Araignées — Généralités — Araignées de France et des pays limitrophes. Paris, France: Société nouvelle des éditions Boubée. p. 158. ISBN 978-2-85004-020-7.
  5. Mammola, Stefano; Isaia, Marco (2014). "Niche differentiation in Meta Bourneti and M. menardi (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) with notes on the life history". International Journal of Speleology. 43 (3): 343–353. doi:10.5038/1827-806x.43.3.11.
  6. Peter Smithers, Journal of Arachnology, August 2005
  7. Chiavazzo, Eliodoro; Isaia, Marco; Mammola, Stefano; Lepore, Emiliano; Ventola, Luigi; Asinari, Pietro; Pugno, Nicola Maria (2015-01-05). "Cave spiders choose optimal environmental factors with respect to the generated entropy when laying their cocoon". Scientific Reports. 5: 7611. doi:10.1038/srep07611. PMC 5154591. PMID 25556697.
  8. "Venomous spiders nest near Queen's home". BBC News. 19 June 2001. Retrieved 30 October 2018.

Further reading
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