Melicytus alpinus

Melicytus alpinus, the mahoe porcupine shrub, is a small shrub of the family Violaceae endemic to New Zealand.

Melicytus alpinus
Melicytus aff. alpinus (Kirk) Garn.-Jones
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Violaceae
Genus:	Melicytus
Species:	M. alpinus
Binomial name
Melicytus alpinus (Kirk) Garn.-Jones

Description

Melicytus alpinus get their common name, porcupine shrub, from the long, almost leafless, spindly branches which resemble the quills of a porcupine.[1] Its leaves are narrow and generally have smooth margins with a few exceptions with serrated edges, however, they do only have a small amount of leaves and they are only approximately 1cm long.[2] Hard and dense, slow-growing in coastal or alpine areas of southern North Island and the South Island it looks almost leafless. But most of the leaves are sheltered between the stiff interlacing stems as an adaptation to the harsh environment where the plant grows. Leaves are variable, leathery and about 1cm long.

Range

Natural global range

The Melicytus alpinus is endemic to New Zealand, and it comes from the family Violaceae which is native to New Zealand. [3]

New Zealand range

Melicytus alpinus can be found in both the North and South Island of New Zealand in coastal and/or dry alpine areas. It is most common in the South Island high country.[4]

Habitat

Melicytus alpinus is very well adapted to extreme weather conditions such as drought, which is why it can be found in areas such as the heavily modified high country of the South Island. [5]

Ecology

Life cycle/Phenology

In spring and early summer small white flowers turn into tasty fragrant white, blue-specked fruit. Seeds for the porcupine shrub are dispersed by lizards and this allows the porcupine shrub to grow, the shrub grows its flowers in spring to early summer.[6] The flowers are then insect pollinated and produce the small white berries eaten by many native New Zealand lizards, thus starting the cycle again.[2]

Diet and foraging

The porcupine shrub is very resistant to extreme weather conditions and drought; therefore, it lives in areas of dry, rocky soils with very little water availability. It can also be found in coastal areas with saline, dry soils, with very little structure.[7]

Predators, Parasites, and Diseases

Melicytus alpinus is a habitat to many lizard’s endemic to New Zealand, this group of lizards include both skinks and geckos.[8] This relationship is mutually beneficial/codependent as the lizards use the porcupine shrub as protection from weather and/or predators and in turn eat and spread the seeds from the shrub's berries.[9]

References

1. "Melicytus Alpinus (porcupine shrub)". Taranaki Education Resource:Research Analysis and Information. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
2. Burrow, C.; Wilson, H. (1997–2010). the islands plants (otamahua/quail island). p. 24.
3. "Melicytus Alpinus". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
4. "Melicytus Alpinus (porcupine shrub)". Taranaki Education Resource:Research Analysis and Information. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
5. "Melicytus Alpinus (porcupine shrub)". Taranaki Education Resource:Research Analysis and Information. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
6. "Melicytus Alpinus (porcupine shrub)". Taranaki Education Resource:Research Analysis and Information. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
7. "Melicytus Alpinus (porcupine shrub)". Taranaki Education Resource:Research Analysis and Information. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
8. "attracting lizards to your garden" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
9. "Melicytus Alpinus (porcupine shrub)". Taranaki Education Resource:Research Analysis and Information. Retrieved 2020-05-11.

• New Zealand Plant Conservation Network, URL: Melicytus alpinus, accessed 2 April 2020.
• T.E.R.R.A.I.N. , URL: , accessed 2 April 2020.