Meat pie (Australia and New Zealand)

An Australian or New Zealand meat pie is a hand-sized meat pie containing diced or minced meat and gravy, sometimes with onion, mushrooms, or cheese and often consumed as a takeaway food snack.

Meat pie (Australia and New Zealand)
A typical meat pie with tomato sauce
TypeMeat pie
Main ingredientsDiced or minced meat, gravy

The meat pie is considered iconic in Australia and New Zealand.[1] It was described by former New South Wales Premier Bob Carr in 2003 as Australia's "national dish".[2][3] New Zealanders regard the meat pie as a part of New Zealand cuisine, and it forms part of the New Zealand national identity.[4]

Commercial production
The filling of an Australian meat pie

Manufacturers of pies in Australia tend to be state-based, reflecting the long distances involved with interstate transport and lack of refrigeration capabilities in the early years of pie production. Many pies sold ready-to-eat at smaller outlets are sold unbranded and may be locally produced, produced by a brand-name vendor, or even imported, frozen pies heated prior to serving.[5]

An Australian meat pie was produced in 1947 by L. T. McClure in a small bakery in Bendigo and became the famous Four'n Twenty pie. Due to its relationship with Australian rules football, Four'n Twenty has iconic status in Victoria.[6] Other manufacturers predate this, and the pie manufacturer Sargent can trace their pie making back to 1891.[7]

In South Australia, Balfours and Vili's have been making pies for over 100 years.[8] Both of these pie makers supply pies to various venues hosting Australian rules football games.[9]

Produced in Western Australia, Mrs Mac's Pies are sold nationwide, found mostly in service stations and corner stores, competing with other brands in the contested takeaway hotbox market on the basis of quality and fillings other than the normal fare.[10]

In Victoria, some of the well known and famous pie makers include the makers of two of Australia's most famous pies - Four'n Twenty and Patties - both manufactured by Patties Foods in Bairnsdale.

In Tasmania, the main manufacturer of pies is National Pies.[11] National Pies make typical beef mince pies, as well as "Cottage Pies", which are topped with mashed potato. National Pies' mince pies are rectangular in shape, as opposed to most other brands, which are round.

Australian meat pies were introduced into the United States in 1994 by Mark Allen, of Boort, Victoria, when he and his wife, Wendy, began operation of Pacific Products, Inc. in Marietta, Georgia.[12][13] Pacific Products was a wholesale only business, selling their pies to chain retailers throughout the United States. Although Pacific Products is no longer in business, Allen and his partner Neville Steele opened the Australian Bakery Cafe in Marietta, a retail bakery which also ships its products throughout the USA.[14]

In 1977, during the time that American fast food restaurants moved into New Zealand, Progressive Enterprises created Georgie Pie, a fast food restaurant with a menu based on meat pies. The pies were batch made and frozen at Progressive's Mangere plant. The first Georgie Pie restaurant opened in Kelston, Auckland, and at its peak in the mid-1990s had become a chain of 32 restaurants across New Zealand. However, after a major expansion, Georgie Pie became uneconomic to run and was eventually sold to McDonald's New Zealand in 1996. The last restaurant at Mission Bay, Auckland, closed in 1998. In June 2013, McDonald's started a trial relaunch of Georgie Pie, selling one flavour of pie (Steak Mince 'n' Cheese) through eleven of its restaurants in Auckland and Hamilton.[15]

According to a 2003 study, the average Australian eats more than 12 meat pies each a year.[6] According to a 2004 study, the average New Zealander eats 15 meat pies a year.[16]

Nutritional value

Former New South Wales Premier Bob Carr launched a childhood obesity summit in 2002, where he told participants that feeding children a diet of meat pies, sausage rolls and chiko rolls was akin to child cruelty.[17]

In April 2002, the Australian Consumers Association conducted a study of 22 frozen meat pies available in supermarkets. They found three brands did not meet the minimum 25 per cent meat content requirement set by Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), and that the fat content ranged from 15 to 35 grams of fat per pie. The ACA study was of a select group of frozen meat pies in supermarkets, thus the study does not account for freshly baked meat pies of which the meat content and nutritional value varies from bakery to bakery. Another study by ACA in 2006 found 5 of the 23 pie products tested had less than the minimum 25% meat required.[18]

In 2006, The ACA awarded pie manufacturer Black and Gold "The CHOICE Shonky Award for UnAustralian Content" for their pies found to contain just 17% meat.[19]

The meats allowed by FSANZ to make up at least 25% of a meat pie are beef, buffalo, camel, cattle, deer, goat, hare, pig, poultry, rabbit and sheep. Kangaroo meat, a leaner alternative, is also sometimes used. However, most pie manufacturers specify 'beef' in their ingredients list; typically, those using other types of meat will simply put 'meat' in the list instead. FSANZ's definition of meat includes snouts, ears, tongue roots, tendons and blood vessels. Only offal (such as brain, heart, kidney, liver, tongue, tripe) must be specified on the label. Wild animals ("slaughtered ... in the wild state") may not be used.[20]

Awards

The Great Aussie Meat Pie Contest

Started in 1990 and held annually since, the Great Aussie Pie Contest was created to find the best everyday commercially produced meat pie produced in Australia, to promote the higher quality pie production as well as attempting to increase media attention upon the foodstuff, the iconic meat pie often dwarfed by the omnipresent advertising of fast food chains.[21]

The contest attracts various pie-makers from all over Australia;[22] the pies for the contest are judged anonymously to avoid bias towards or against specific bakeries or states. Run in parallel to the main contest is one for gourmet pies, with categories for such fillings as chicken, seafood and even vegetarian pies. As well as the main prize, certificates of excellence are awarded for entries that reach set quality standards. The main award is highly coveted due to the greatly increased sales it generates, with many people travelling interstate to sample the winning pie.[23]

Bakels New Zealand Supreme Pie Awards

In New Zealand an annual pie competition has been held since 1997. The Bakels New Zealand Supreme Pie Awards aims to recognise the best pie manufacturers in New Zealand, assisting them in producing award-winning pies and continuing to help foster and encourage developments within this category of baking.[24]

They were entered in 11 categories – mince and gravy; chicken and vegetables; gourmet meat; bacon and egg; gourmet fruit; steak, vegetable and gravy; steak and cheese; vegetarian; mince and cheese; seafood and commercial wholesale pies. The pies were judged on presentation, the pastry on the top and bottom, the filling and the profile.[25]

Other cultural references

In the 1970s meat pies were mentioned in an advertising jingle for General Motors Holden Australia, adapted from General Motors’ Chevrolet jingles in the United States. The jingle — football, meat pies, kangaroos and Holden cars, they go together underneath the Southern Stars.[26]

Fair-Go Dibbler, citizen of Fourecks (The Last Continent) in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series, is famous for selling the archetypal pie floaters to his unsuspecting customers.[27]

In 2007, Domino's Australia and Domino's New Zealand both released a meat pie pizza, consisting of minced beef, peas, diced fresh tomato, onions, gravy, thick pastry and tomato sauce.[28]

See also

References
  1. Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "12. – The New Zealanders – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  2. "Media Watch - Sausage roll policy". abc.net.au. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  3. Harland, Robert. "Aussie meat pies". SunStar. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  4. "Sarah Barnett, New Zealand Eats, New Zealand Listener, Vol 213 No 3548, 10–16 May 2008". Archived from the original on 20 October 2008.
  5. "Meat pies: From ancient fast food to Australian icon". abc.net.au. 4 April 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  6. "Bye-bye American pie". The Age. Melbourne. 21 July 2003.
  7. "Meat pies - National Museum of Australia". nma.gov.au. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  8. "What is Adelaides Best Pie?". weekendnotes.com. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  9. Wilkinson, Simon (27 June 2012). "Competition's hot for lunchtime legend". The Advertiser.
  10. "Humble meat pie bites back". thewest.com.au. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  11. "Pie maker takes bigger bite". themercury.com.au. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  12. Stutchbury, Michael (20 June 1995). "Pies de resistance in the Land of the Feed". The Australian Financial Review.
  13. Almer, Sean (3 June 1996). "Aussie strives to put meat pies into diets of Yankee sports fans". Business Sydney.
  14. Beyer, Australian Bakery Cafe, LLC, Gregory. "The Australian Bakery Cafe -, The BEST Aussie Meat Pies in America!". australianbakerycafe.com. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  15. "McDonald's takes Georgie Pie nationwide". 1 October 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2016 – via Stuff.co.nz.
  16. Andre Taber states that in 2004, business transactions for meat pies in New Zealand were worth NZ$120 million. The average cost of a meat pie was about NZ$2 this puts the sale of meat pies in New Zealand to be 60 million. As New Zealand has a population of 4 million this puts the average consumption per head to 15 per year. Andre Taber, The Great New Zealand Pie Guide: A Tasting Guide To Some of the Best Kiwi Pies Up and Down the Country, Renaissance Publishing, 2006, pg 7–8
  17. "Some diets border on cruelty, says Premier". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  18. "smh.com.au - Where's the beef?". www.smh.com.au. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  19. The CHOICE Shonky for UnAustralian Content Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine – CHOICE May 2006 edition
  20. Body parts and gravy? Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine – CHOICE May 2006
  21. "The Great Aussie Pie Competition – The Great Aussie Pie Competition". Greataussiepiecomp.com.au. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  22. The pies have it! Archived 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine – The Sunshine Coast Daily, 30 Sept 2007
  23. Veenhuyzen, Max (6 May 2014). "Meat pie: a great Australian dish". Retrieved 5 August 2017 – via The Guardian.
  24. http://www.nzinternet.co.nz, New Zealand Internet Services,Expresso Content Management. "Bakels New Zealand, Pie Awards". nzbakels.co.nz. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  25. Business, Hospitality (16 May 2016). "Judging the country's best pie". hospitalitybusiness.co.nz. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  26. Dowling, Joshua (18 October 2017). "Un-Australian! The truth behind 1970s TV ad 'Football, meat pies, kangaroos and Holden cars'". news.com.au. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  27. Pratchett, Terry (2016). The Last Continent: (Discworld Novel 22). Transworld Publishers Limited. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-85752-414-0.
  28. Pie technology breakthrough Archived 18 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine – news.com.au 5 April 2007
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