Maxwell–Stefan diffusion

The Maxwell–Stefan diffusion (or Stefan–Maxwell diffusion) is a model for describing diffusion in multicomponent systems. The equations that describe these transport processes have been developed independently and in parallel by James Clerk Maxwell[1] for dilute gases and Josef Stefan[2] for fluids. The Maxwell–Stefan equation is [3]

[4][5]

${\displaystyle {\frac {\nabla \mu _{i}}{R\,T}}=\nabla \ln a_{i}=\sum _{j=1 \atop j\neq i}^{n}{{\frac {\chi _{j}}{{\mathfrak {D}}_{ij}}}({\vec {v}}_{j}-{\vec {v}}_{i})}=\sum _{j=1 \atop j\neq i}^{n}{{\frac {c_{j}}{c{\mathfrak {D}}_{ij}}}\left({\frac {{\vec {J}}_{j}}{c_{j}}}-{\frac {{\vec {J}}_{i}}{c_{i}}}\right)}}$

• ∇: vector differential operator
• χ: Mole fraction
• μ: Chemical potential
• a: Activity
• i, j: Indexes for component i and j
• n: Number of components
• ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {D}}_{ij}}$: Maxwell–Stefan-diffusion coefficient
• ${\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{i}}$: Diffusion velocity of component i
• ${\displaystyle c_{i}}$: Molar concentration of component i
• c: Total molar concentration
• ${\displaystyle {\vec {J}}_{i}}$: Flux of component i

Thermal diffusion coefficients vs. temperature, for air at normal pressure

The equation assumes steady state, i.e., the neglect of time derivatives in the velocity.

The basic assumption of the theory is that a deviation from equilibrium between the molecular friction and thermodynamic interactions leads to the diffusion flux.[6] The molecular friction between two components is proportional to their difference in speed and their mole fractions. In the simplest case, the gradient of chemical potential is the driving force of diffusion. For complex systems, such as electrolytic solutions, and other drivers, such as a pressure gradient, the equation must be expanded to include additional terms for interactions.

A major disadvantage of the Maxwell–Stefan theory is that the diffusion coefficients, with the exception of the diffusion of dilute gases, do not correspond to the Fick's diffusion coefficients and are therefore not tabulated. Only the diffusion coefficients for the binary and ternary case can be determined with reasonable effort. In a multicomponent system, a set of approximate formulas exist to predict the Maxwell–Stefan-diffusion coefficient.[6]

The Maxwell–Stefan theory is more comprehensive than the "classical" Fick's diffusion theory, as the former does not exclude the possibility of negative diffusion coefficients. It is possible to derive Fick's theory from the Maxwell–Stefan theory.[4]

See also

• Pervaporation
• Advanced Simulation Library

References

1. J. C. Maxwell: On the dynamical theory of gases, The Scientific Papers of J. C. Maxwell, 1965, 2, 26–78.
2. J. Stefan: Über das Gleichgewicht und Bewegung, insbesondere die Diffusion von Gemischen, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, 2te Abteilung a, 1871, 63, 63-124.
3. Bird, R.B.; Stewart, W.E.; Lightfoot, E.N. (2007). Transport Phenomena (2 ed.). Wiley.
4. Taylor, R.; Krishna, R. (1993). Multicomponent Mass Transfer. Wiley.
5. Cussler, E.L. (1997). Diffusion - Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
6. S. Rehfeldt, J. Stichlmair: Measurement and calculation of multicomponent diffusion coefficients in liquids, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2007, 256, 99–104