Mass migration

Mass migration refers to the migration of large groups of people from one geographical area to another. Mass migration is distinguished from individual or small scale migration; and also from seasonal migration, which may occur on a regular basis.

This article is about mass migration. For human migration in general, see Human migration.
Chinese immigrants on board the steam ship Alaska, headed for San Francisco.

A specific mass migration that is seen as especially influential to the course of history may be referred to as a 'great migration'. For example, great migrations include the Indo-European migrations to Europe, the Middle East and South Asia during the Bronze Age, the Bantu migrations across sub-Saharan Africa, Barbarian invasions during the Roman Empire, the Great Migration from England of the 1630s, the California Gold Rush from 1848–1850, the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural American south to the industrial north during 1920–1950, and The Great Oromo Migrations of Oromo tribes during the 15th and 16th centuries in the Horn of Africa. UNHCR estimates 20 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims were displaced during the partition of India, the largest mass migration in human history.[1][2] The largest documented voluntary emigration in history was the Italian diaspora, which migrated from Italy between 1880 and 1915, with 13 million people leaving the country.[3][4]

Mass migrations may be forced migrations, such as the Atlantic slave trade. Mass migrations can occur due to religious persecution, such as the biblical Exodus and the migration through the upper Himalayan route from the east by Purohits of Aryan and non-Aryan descent. Similarly, mass migrations may take place in the form of deportation, such as deportations in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, imprisonment in Nazi concentration camps during World War II, deportations to Gulag camps in the Soviet Union, and coolie labour in Southeast Asia and the Caribbean.

Age of Mass Migration

Historians often identify an "age of mass migration" occurring from c. 1850 to 1914 (sometimes 1940), in which long distance migration occurred at an unprecedented and exceptionally high rate.[5]

There were three factors that led to the 'age of mass migration'. First, the cost of migration decreased dramatically. Second, the benefits of migration rose (the return on migration was higher in the United States than in other countries). Third, open border regimes encouraged migration. The 'age of mass migration' usually refers to the voluntary transatlantic migration of European peasants and laborers to the Americas. Immigration from Europe accounted for about 40% of the total United States population growth in the late 19th century. It has been argued that the term should include other mass migrations that occurred in the same period, since similarly, large numbers of people migrated long distances within the continent of Asia, most notably during the Pakistan Movement and the subsequent partition of India in 1947.[6][7]

During open border regimes, immigrants were attracted by the falling costs of migration and higher wages in the United States. Depending on the relative wage premium in the U.S. for high and low-cost workers, as well as the relative cost of migration, the selection of migrants, varied over time and sending country. In the U.S. in the late 20th century, the number of migrants approximately equaled the number of native-born in the labor market.[8]

The partition of India caused the movement of 18 million people. This caused both religious and civil tensions between Hindus and Muslims.[9] This resulted in the highest casualty rate for one migration according to the Guinness Book of World Records 2014. One million people were killed and 12 million became homeless.[10]

See also

References
  1. "Rupture in South Asia" (PDF). UNHCR. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  2. Dr Crispin Bates (2011-03-03). "The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies". BBC. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  3. Ben-Ghiat and Hom, “Introduction” to Italian Mobilities (Routledge, 2016)
  4. From Emigration to Asylum Destination, Italy Navigates Shifting Migration Tides migrationpolicy.org]
  5. Eriksson, Katherine; Ward, Zachary (2020-09-06). "Immigrants and Cities during the Age of Mass Migration". Regional Science and Urban Economics: 103593. doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2020.103593. ISSN 0166-0462.
  6. "Rupture in South Asia" (PDF). UNHCR. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  7. Dr Crispin Bates (2011-03-03). "The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies". BBC. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  8. McKeown, Adam. "Global migrations 1846-1940". Journal of Global History. 15 (2): 155–189.
  9. 3k. Separation: India and Pakistan [Beyond Books - Culture and Geography] Archived 2007-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
  10. Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness Book Of World Records 2014. ISBN 9781908843159.
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