Mary Myers

Mary Myers (born Mary Breed Hawley; 1849–1932) was a professional balloonist and aeronautical inventor, better known as "Carlotta, the Lady Aeronaut." She was the first American woman to fly her own lighter-than-air passenger balloon solo and set several records for balloon flights.

Mary Myers
circa 1903
Born
Mary Breed Hawley

1849
Boston, Massachusetts US
Died1932(1932-00-00) (aged 82–83)
Atlanta, Georgia US
Other namesCarlotta Myers,
Carlotta, the Lady Aeronaut
OccupationBalloonist, inventor, businesswoman
Spouse(s)Carl Myers

Myers ran a business of manufacturing and selling passenger airship balloons and high altitude weather balloons with her husband, Carl Myers. The couple obtained several patents on aerial navigation devices and promoted these through exhibition demonstrations at county fairs and town shows. They built their balloons and related equipment at their "balloon farm" in Frankfort, New York. Myers

By the time Myers retired from flying passengers in 1891, she had made hundreds of ascents and carried more than 100,000 passengers up in her balloons. She continued conducting test flights after her retirement.

Early life

Myers was born Mary Breed Hawley in August 1849 in Breed's Hill in Boston.[1] She was descended from family lines with the surnames of Breed (from the state of Massachusetts) and Hawley (from the state of Connecticut).[2][3]

Carl Edgar Myers, circa 1903

She married Carl Edgar Myers on November 8, 1871, in Hornellsville, New York. They started their married life in Mohawk, New York. They had one child, a daughter by the name of Elizabeth "Bessie" Aerial.[1]

Myers' husband was a scientist and an aeronautical engineer. He was born in 1842 at Fort Herkimer, New York. He was at one time or another a banker, carpenter, chemist, electrician, mechanic, photographer, plumber, printer, and writer. At about the age of 40, Carl devoted his full attention to aeronautical engineering and designing passenger balloon airships.[4]

Mid life and career

Myers' husband had schooling from a scientist and developed an interest in what was known at the time as "aerial navigation": piloted flight by a person in a large balloon with a gondola basket hanging underneath. Myers and her husband invented new or improved systems for producing lighter-than-air gases and constructed hydrogen balloons that were controllable "airships". Their airships included an aërial velocipede sky-cycle, which Myers flew often, and gas weather balloons for the U.S. government.[4]

Myers and her husband patented a fabric for holding hydrogen gas in a large outdoor balloon, and from this they became designers of floating passenger balloons. At first they hired experienced aeronaut test pilots to fly their new designs of balloon assemblies. When they couldn't get a test pilot to fly a new design, they did the flying themselves.[5] Myers was also an assistant lab technician and the business secretary-bookkeeper.[1]

Aeronaut
Agricultural Fair poster in 1886

Myers developed an interest in wanting to become a test pilot aeronaut herself after watching her husband fly successfully. She decided not to use her plain real name of "Mary" for her flying performances and instead took on the more romantic, exotic stage name of "Carlotta."[6][7] It is uncertain who picked the derivative of her husband's name, but it seems that her husband Carl had some influence.[8] She ultimately became known professionally as "Carlotta, the Lady Aeronaut,"[5] "Carlotta Myers-Lady Aeronaut,"[6] and "Carlotta / Mrs. Carl Myers."[9][10] Myers helped develop with her husband lighter-than-air balloons that used lower cost natural gas, which at the time was considered America's modern fuel.[11]

The first solo flight that Myers completed was from Little Falls, New York, on July 4, 1880.[12][13] It was done in sight of 15,000 spectators.[5][6][14] At about five o'clock in the afternoon, she stepped into the balloon's gondola basket. She wore a blue flannel suit and a sailor's hat, all of which gave her a boyish appearance.[8] Her lift off was synced with a carrier pigeon that was thrown out of the balloon when the ground crew released the gondola basket. The pigeon carried a message to her friends and neighbors in Mohawk, New York to inform them that her balloon ascent had just started.[15] She rode for about a half-hour some 20 miles to the town of Stratford, New York, landing safely in a farmer's field. After she packed up her balloon, the farmer's son gave her a ride back to Little Falls, and she then took a train back to Mohawk.[2][15] Myers was subsequently hired to take tourists on balloon rides in Saratoga Springs, New York and throughout upstate New York.[6][16]

Myers controlled flight direction by the use of barometer and altitude readings. She used recordings of previous flights to know at which altitude she would encounter certain air currents. She then used these particular air currents for navigation. Myers would go higher or lower by operating valves that controlled the hydrogen gas and by adjusting sandbag weights. She then navigated to the desired air current which would take her to her destination. Her balloon airship was also steerable by the shifting of her weight and by fin rudder apparatuses exposed to the air currents.[17]

Not all of her flights were safely accomplished. The demonstration event at the Chenango county fairgrounds at Norwich, New York, on September 9, 1880, went smoothly at first: Myers' balloon, named "Aerial", ascended quickly upon liftoff. When it had obtained several thousand feet in altitude, however, she encountered rain. The accumulation of water in her open gondola caused extra weight and her balloon started dropping fast. She threw her ballast sandbags overboard, but despite this the balloon gondola began dragging on the treetops and eventually landed on the top of a basswood tree – eighty feet off the ground. After being stuck there for over an hour in pouring rain, Myers was rescued by a group of hunters who obtained a long ladder from a nearby farmer.[18][19]

In another incident, Myers – who had already flown 179 times – ascended in a balloon called the "Flying Cloud" on July 2, 1883.[20] During an earlier demonstration on the ground, the balloon had been damaged by large crowds pressing too close, and now it broke open at an altitude of two miles. Myers saved herself by floating on the balloon fragments as a quick makeshift parachute that carried her on a twelve-mile slated course that slowly dropped to the ground.[21][22]

Balloon farm and business
Main article: Balloon Farm (Frankfort, New York)
"Balloon Farm" in Frankfort, New York

In 1889 Myers and her husband set up a successful business of making and selling hydrogen balloons from their five-acre farm in Frankfort, New York.[23] The property came with a three-story Victorian style house with 30 rooms. The house had been previously constructed and owned by a businessman associated with the Diamond Match Company, with the mansion being built in 1878. After Myers' husband had purchased the property, he converted a portion of the house into shop facilities for manufacturing lighter-than-air passenger balloons.[24]

The house shop facilities had a sewing room to make balloon fabric, a chemical lab for the varnishes needed to seal the fabric, basement equipment for making lighter-than-air hydrogen gas, a printing press for advertising, a carpentry shop for the gondola baskets, and a machine shop for metal parts.[24][25] Their half-inflated balloons on the property where the fabric was being processed looked like giant mushrooms and gave the impression that they were growing balloons on their farm as an unusual agricultural crop, hence the name "balloon farm."[24][26][27]

Myers and her husband not only designed and made passenger balloon airships, but also constructed built-to-order balloons. One of their customers was the United States Weather Bureau, which ordered scientific balloons to assist with weather forecasting.[25] They constructed a made-to-order balloon for government rain-making experiments, and also military balloon equipment for the United States Army Signal Corps that was used in the Spanish–American War. Myers had a flight school at their farm home for flying lessons on passenger balloons.[25] She performed many aerial demonstrations nationwide as a successful business. Myers and her husband's typical schedule was to arrive at a place around noon to unpack their equipment and set up. Once at the venue, they produced the hydrogen gas needed to inflate the balloon. They orchestrated everything necessary to manage a flight demonstration and afterwards packed up the balloon and equipment, clearing the town area for any subsequent events (e.g. dancing or bands).[28]

Myers did hundreds of out-of-town balloon demonstrations from 1880 to 1891, bringing in large audiences and huge crowds wherever she went.[29] Over the course of her career she carried over a hundred thousand passengers aloft in a balloon, mostly on tethered short rides.[28][30] One common exhibition she did throughout Pennsylvania was on Fourth of July Independence Day celebrations.[31] Myers even did parachute jumps out of these high altitude balloons, which made her "Carlotta, the most daring lady aeronaut in the world."[32]

Patents
Myers balloon guiding apparatuses

Myers contributed to her husband's inventions with her own navigational mechanisms.[23] The Louisiana Democrat newspaper reported on July 11, 1885, that Myers had obtained several patents pertaining to passenger balloons. Some in particular were described as guiding and steering apparatuses for passenger balloons. These were rudder and steering devices consisting of collapsible parts that could be opened and exposed to the air currents for navigation. Myers used her inventions in over 150 of her flights.[33]

The passenger gondola platform was described as made of expandable hammock netting surrounding the passenger. Myers described the navigation and steering capabilities of the airship as being achieved through the shortening and lengthening of the gondola hammock netting mesh, with a cloth screw propeller that would push her along like a boat propeller.[33]

Another of the steering devices was described as a 5-foot hoop connected to the back of the balloon platform by cords. The interaction of the guiding apparatus was described by Myers as that of a rudder on a light boat in water, where the balloon itself tipped and changed its plane level side-to-side depending on the positioning of the hoop steering device. She described it as altering the aerodynamics of the balloon airship. Her passenger balloon airship could be further manipulated for navigation by stepping on the edges of the gondola platform and warping the edges.[33]

Records
  • Myers was the first woman of the United States to pilot her own aircraft,[34][35] which was a lighter-than-air passenger balloon.[12]
  • Myers set an altitude world record for a passenger balloon,[23][34] going four miles high (20,000 feet)[36] in a balloon that held natural gas in its envelope.[37] This accidental flight took place in 1888 in Franklin, Pennsylvania.[6][38] She did this without oxygen assistant equipment.[39][40]
  • Myers set a record for the highest number of one-woman piloted balloon trips ever done in the 19th century, making hundreds of ascents (more than all others combined). She took over 100,000 passengers with her.[41][42][43]
  • According to Carl's calculations, Myers had made more balloon flights than any man in America by the time she retired in 1891.[5][44][45]

Later years

Myers retired from flying passengers in 1891.[6] She and her husband remained at the "Balloon Farm", where she continued test flying. In 1910 they sold the property and moved to Atlanta, Georgia to live with their daughter. Myers' husband died in 1925 at the age of 83 and she died in 1932.[2][24]

References

Notes
  1. Bassett, Preston R. (2013). "Aerial Adventure Of Carlotta, The Lady Aeronaut Or Sky-larking In Cloudland". four score make history. American Heritage Society. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  2. Perkins, Laura. "The Balloon Farm, Frankfort, NY". Town of Frankfort, New York. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  3. "A Nervy Balloonist". Wilkes-Barre Evening News. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. July 25, 1901 – via Newspapers.com .
  4. Brown 1904, p. 99.
  5. Corn 2011, p. 5.
  6. Welch 1998, p. 151.
  7. Jessen 2002, p. xi.
  8. Bassett, Preston R. (April 1963). "Carlotta, the Lady Aeronaut of the Mohawk Valley". New York History. New York Historical Association. 44 (2): 145–172.
  9. "Tacking in the Sky". Newton Enterprise. Newton, North Carolina. August 24, 1894. p. 1.
  10. "Tacking in the Sky". Weekly Oregon Statesman. Salem, Oregon. November 23, 1894. p. 9.
  11. "Down on the Balloon Farm". The Times Record. Troy, New York. September 16, 1952. p. 9.
  12. Oakes 1978, p. 9.
  13. Little Falls Journal, (front page) July 13, 1880
  14. Perkins & Hopson 2013, p. 11.
  15. Herkimer 1992, p. 85.
  16. "Down on the "Balloon Farm"". The Troy Record. Troy, New York. September 16, 1952. p. 15.
  17. "A Woman Aeronaut Tells How She Sailed Home in Her Balloon". Weekly Oregon Statesman. Salem, Oregon. November 23, 1894. p. 7.
  18. Corn 2011, p. 6.
  19. Standard, Cortland (October 30, 1880). "A Lady Aeronaut's Narrow Escape". The Junction City Weekly Union. Junction City, Kansas. p. 5.
  20. "Flying Cloud". The Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. September 23, 1887. p. 5.
  21. "Aerial Navigation/Carlotta Experiments". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. May 23, 1888. p. 1.
  22. "Carlotta and her Flying Cloud". Stauton Spectator. Staunton, Virginia. October 21, 1885. p. 3.
  23. Stanley 1995, p. 339.
  24. "Gates-Myers House". Outlook. Oneida County / Department of Planning. 17 (3): 3. Summer 1988.
  25. Lebow 1998, p. 10.
  26. Dieffenbacher 2002, p. 104.
  27. Bostick, Carolyn. "Balloon Farm a piece of area's aeronautical history". Utica Observer-Dispatch. Utica, NY 13501. Retrieved February 13, 2016.CS1 maint: location (link)
  28. Stanbridge, Joanne (2016). "Lady Carlotta". Storydell. Joanne Stanbridge. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  29. Arcadia 2002, p. 104.
  30. Fogel & Harwood 2012, p. 61.
  31. Trimble 1982, p. 24.
  32. Gilkeson 2014, p. 223.
  33. "A woman's flying machine". The Louisiana Democrat. Front Page – Vol 40, No. 107. July 11, 1885.CS1 maint: location (link)
  34. Bobowski, Rita C. (Aug 3, 1980). "Smithsonian News Service – Women were pioneer pilots during 1900s". New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung. New Braunfels, Texas. p. 53 – via Newspapers.com .
  35. "A Feminine Balloonist / Sixty-Year Old Mrs. Myers finds pleasure roaming the Air". The Decatur Herald. Decatur, Illinois. May 3, 1911. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com . Mrs. Carlotta Myers is credited with being the first woman in this country to pilot her own balloon.
  36. Kane 1997, p. 47.
  37. "The Wind their Steed". Harrisburg Telegraph. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. May 1, 1888. p. 2.
  38. "Voyaging in the Sky". The Winnipeg Tribune. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. March 14, 1894. p. 6.
  39. "Timeline of Women in Transportation History". Transportation.gov. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2015. Retrieved February 29, 2016. Mary Myers – 1880; Mary Myers was the first American woman to solo in a dirigible. / Mary Myers – 1886; Mary Myers set a new world altitude record of four miles – she ascended to this height without benefit of oxygen equipment.
  40. "Women of Aviation". San Diego Air & Space Museum. 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2016. On the Fourth of July, 1880, Mary (who changed her name to Carlotta because Mary was too boring,) made her first flight. She flew over Little Falls New York where over 15,000 people were waiting to see a woman flying a balloon.... In 1886 she flew from Franklin Pennsylvania to test new light weight balloon, and believed to have risen 4 miles above the ground, a new record for balloon height.
  41. Betz, Peter (July 28, 2014). "Area's woman balloonist was adventurous". Leader Herald. Gloversville, NY 12078.CS1 maint: location (link)
  42. "Women in Transportation History: Mary Myers, Professional Balloonist". American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2020. She also set the record for the most one-woman piloted balloon trips which took place during the 19th century.
  43. "Women in Transportation:Changing America's History (Reference Materials)" (Press release). PDF: United States government printing office. U.S. Department of Transportation. 1998. Myers completed more balloon ascents between 1880 and 1890 than any other then living person in the world.
  44. Heritage Magazine, August 1966, vol 17, issue 5; "...in 1891, she formally retired from exhibition flying... 'She retires from the field,' her husband announced to the public, 'with a record of having made more ascensions than all other women combined throughout the world, and more than any man living in America.'
  45. Noronha, Joseph (2017). "Mary Myers (1849-1932)". Town of Frankfort, New York. Retrieved October 10, 2020. She retires from the field with a record of having made more ascensions than all other women combined throughout the world and more than any man living in America.

Sources

Media related to Frankfort Balloon Farm at Wikimedia Commons

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.