Mark Z. Jacobson

Mark Zachary Jacobson (born 1965) is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere/Energy Program.[1] Jacobson has developed computer models[2] to study the effects of fossil fuel and biomass burning on air pollution, weather, and climate.

Mark Jacobson
Born
Mark Zachary Jacobson

1965 (age 55–56)
Alma materStanford University (BA, BS, MS)
University of California, Los Angeles (MS, PhD)
Scientific career
InstitutionsUniversity of California, Los Angeles
Stanford University
ThesisDeveloping, coupling, and applying a gas, aerosol, transport, and radiation model to study urban and regional air pollution (1994)
Doctoral advisorRichard P. Turco
WebsiteOfficial website

Jacobson’s career has focused on better understanding air pollution and global warming problems and developing large-scale clean, renewable energy solutions to them. [3]

In 2009 Jacobson and Mark Delucchi published a paper in Scientific American proposing that the world should move to 100% renewable energy, namely wind, water, and solar power, in all energy sectors.[4] He has traveled extensively granting interviews,[5] promoting[6][7][8] and discussing "the development of technical and economic plans to convert the energy infrastructure of each of the 50 United States to those powered by 100% wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) for all purposes".[9]

Jacobson has built his own net-zero home to run on renewable energy.[10]

In 2017, Christopher Clack, Ken Caldeira, and 19 other researchers challenged the findings of a followup 2015 paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.[11] In response, Jacobson filed, and later withdrew, a libel lawsuit against publisher PNAS, demanding retraction and $10 million in damages.[12][13] In 2020 the court ordered Jacobson to pay the legal fees of Clack and PNAS; the amount to be paid has not been finalized.[14][15]

Research

Jacobson has published research on the role of black carbon and other aerosol chemical components on global and regional climates.[16]

Jacobson advocates a speedy transition to 100% renewable energy, to limit climate change. Jacobson co-founded the non-profit Solutions Project in 2011 along with Marco Krapels, Mark Ruffalo, and Josh Fox. The Solutions Project, a political advocacy group, combines presentations of science, business, and culture in an effort to influence energy policy switches to the "100% renewable world".

Soot and Aerosol
See also: Richard P. Turco and Black carbon

Jacobson began computer model development in 1990, when he started to build algorithms for what is now called GATOR-GCMOM (Gas, Aerosol, Transport, Radiation, General Circulation, Mesoscale, and Ocean Model).[2] This model simulates air pollution, weather, and climate from the local to global scale. Zhang (2008, pp. 2901, 2902) calls Jacobson's model "the first fully-coupled online model in the history that accounts for all major feedbacks among major atmospheric processes based on first principles."[17]

Several of the individual computer code solvers Jacobson developed for GATOR-GCMOM include the gas and aqueous chemistry ordinary differential equations solvers SMVGEAR[18] and SMVGEAR II,[19][20] alongside a slew of other related and expanded models,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] The GATOR-GCMOM model has incorporated these processes and has evolved over several decades.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

One of the most important fields of research that Jacobson has added to, with the aid of GATOR-GCMOM, is refining the range of values on exactly how much diffuse tropospheric black carbon, affects the climate. Something initially studied by his PhD adviser Richard Turco, when formulating the "nuclear winter" hypothesis of global cooling. The absorbed solar radiation gets converted to heat, which is re-emitted to the atmosphere. Under other circumstances the sunlight would potentially reflect back out into space, had the light struck a more reflective surface. Therefore as a whole, soot affects the planets albedo, a unit of reflectance. While the more familiar greenhouse gases warm the atmosphere by trapping thermal-infrared heat radiation that is emitted by the surface of the Earth, black carbon warms the atmosphere by absorbing sunlight and re-emitting that energy to the air around it as thermal-infrared heat. Jacobson and others drew from these models, that soot from diesel engines, coal-fired power plants and burning wood is a "major cause of the rapid melting of the Arctic's sea ice."[35][37] Jacobson's refinement to the values on soot and his conclusion that black carbon may be the second leading cause of global warming in terms of radiative forcing was affirmed in the comprehensive review of Bond et al. (2013).[38]

Jacobson has also independently modeled and corroborated the work of World Health Organization researchers, who likewise estimate that soot/particulate matter produced from the burning of fossil fuels and biofuels may cause at least 1.5 million premature deaths each year from diseases such as respiratory illness, heart disease and asthma. These deaths occur mostly in the developing world where wood, animal dung, kerosene, and coal are used for cooking.[35]

Because of the short atmospheric lifetime of black carbon, in 2002 Jacobson concluded that controlling soot is the fastest way to begin to control global warming and that it will likewise improve human health.[39] However, he cautioned that controlling carbon dioxide, the leading cause of global warming, was imperative for stopping warming.

100% renewable energy
Main article: 100% renewable energy

Jacobson has published papers about transitioning to 100% renewable energy systems, including the grid integration of renewable energy. He has concluded that wind, water, and solar (WWS) power can be scaled up in cost-effective ways to fulfill world energy demands in all energy sectors, In 2009 Jacobson and Mark A. Delucchi published "A Path to Sustainable Energy" in Scientific American.[4] The article addressed several issues related to transitioning to 100% WWS, such as the energy required in a 100% electric world, the worldwide spatial footprint of wind farms, the availability of scarce materials needed to manufacture new systems and the ability to produce reliable energy on demand. Jacobson has updated and expanded this 2009 paper as the years progress, including a two-part article in the journal Energy Policy in 2010.[40] Jacobson and his colleague estimated that 3.8 million wind turbines of 5-Megawatt (MW) size, 49,000 300-MW concentrated solar power plants, 40,000 300-MW solar PV power plants, 1.7 billion 3-kW rooftop PV systems, 5350 100-MW geothermal power plants, and some 270 new 1300-MW hydroelectric power plants would be needed. All of which would require approximately 1% of the world's land to be achieved.

Jacobson and his colleagues have also published papers for a select number of US states, on transitioning to 100% renewable/WWS energy by 2050.[41][42][43] In 2015 Jacobson was lead author in two peer reviewed papers that examined the feasibility of transitioning the United States to a 100% energy system, powered exclusively by wind, water and sunlight(WWS), that also argues as having solved the grid reliability problem with high shares of intermittent sources. In 2016 the editorial board of PNAS selected the grid integration study of Jacobson and his co-workers as best paper in the category "Applied Biological, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences" and awarded him a Cozzarelli Prize.[44]

In June 2017, an article published in the PNAS critiqued Jacobson’s grid integration findings, alleging errors in methodology and assumptions.[45] The PNAS published a response by Jacobson and co-authors disagreeing with Clack et al's premises and reaffirming the paper's conclusions.[46] Clack et al then responded with details on specific errors in the PNAS response, claiming that each invalidated the results of the studies.[47]

Jacobson is co-founder of the non-profit The Solutions Project along with Marco Krapels, Mark Ruffalo, and Josh Fox. This organization "helps to educate the public about science-based 100% renewable energy transition roadmaps and facility a transition to a 100% renewable world".[48]

Opinion on energy systems
See also: Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources and renewable energy debate

Jacobson argues that if the United States wants to reduce global warming, air pollution and energy instability, it should invest only in the best energy options, and that nuclear power is not one of them.[49] Like his PhD advisor Richard P. Turco, who notably coined the phrase "nuclear winter", Jacobson has taken a similar approach to calculating the hypothetical effects of nuclear wars on the climate but has further extended this into providing an analysis that intends to inform policy makers on which energy sources to support, as of 2009.[50] Jacobson's analyses suggest that "nuclear power results in up to 25 times more carbon emissions per unit energy than wind energy".

This analysis is controversial. Jacobson arrived at this conclusion of "25 times more carbon emissions than wind, per unit of energy generated" (68–180.1 g/kWh), by specifically expanding on some concepts that are highly contested.[51][50] These include, though are not limited to, the suggestion that emissions associated with civil nuclear energy should, in the upper limit, include the risk of carbon emissions associated with the burning of cities resulting from a nuclear war aided by the expansion of nuclear energy and weapons to countries previously without them. An assumption that Jacobson's debating opponent similarly raised, during the Ted talk Does the world need nuclear energy? in 2010, with Jacobson heading the debate in the negative.[52] Jacobson assumes, at the high end (180.1 g/kWh), that 4.1 g/kWh are due to some form of nuclear induced burning that will occur once every 30 years. At the low end, 0 g/kWh are due to nuclear induced burning. Responding to a commentary on his work in the Journal Environmental Science and Technology in 2013, Dr. James Hansen has characterized Jacobson's analysis on this topic of greenhouse gas emissions, as "lack(ing) credibility" and similarly regards Jacobson's other viewpoint of extra "opportunity-cost" emissions as "dubious". With the foundation of Hansen's incredulity being based on French experience, that decarbonized ~80% of the grid in 15 years, completed 56 reactors in the 15 year period, thus raising the fact that depending on the existence of established regulator certainty & political conditions, nuclear energy facilities have been accelerated through the licensing/planning phase and have therefore rapidly decarbonizated electric grids.[53]

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) regard Yale University's Warner and Heath's methodology, used to determine the Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources, as the most credible, reporting that the conceivable range of total-life-cycle nuclear power emission figures, are between 4-110 g/kWh, with the specific median value of 12 g/kWh, being deemed the strongest supported and 11 g/kWh for Wind.[54] While Jacobson's limited lifecycle figures, of 9-70 g/kWh, falls within this IPCC range. The IPCC however, does not factor in Jacobson's "opportunity cost" emissions on any energy source. The IPCC has not provided a detailed explanation for not including Jacobson's "opportunity costs". Aside from the time required for planning, financing, permitting, and constructing a power plant, for every energy source that can be analyzed, the time required and therefore Jacobson's "opportunity costs" also depends on political factors, for example hypothetical legal cases that can stall construction and other issues that can arise from site specific NIMBYISM. It is the delay/opportunity cost CO2 emissions that are the bulk of the difference between Jacobson's overall emissions for nuclear of 68-180.1 g/kWh and the IPCC's lifecycle emissions.

Decarbonization assessments

Jacobson's 100% renewable world approach is supported by a 2016 publication by Mark Cooper, who has previously critiqued nuclear energy at the Vermont Law School,[55] In 2016 Cooper published,[56] a comparison of the 100% WWS roadmaps of Jacobson with deep decarbonization proposals that included nuclear power and fossil fuels with carbon capture. Cooper concluded that the 100% WWS pathway was the least cost and “Neither fossil fuels with CCS or nuclear power enters the least-cost, low-carbon portfolio.” This conclusion by Cooper is in stark contrast to a number of publications from 2011 to 2015, assessments by the Brookings Institution, Professor of Economics at MIT, Paul Joskow along with some independent scientists who have analyzed, with a different methodology, the various strategies proposed to get to a global zero or low carbon economy, by circa 2050. In these varied reports, the renewables-alone approach, has been claimed to cost "orders of magnitude" more and be more difficult to achieve than the more flexible energy paths, that have been assessed.[57][58][59][60][61]

Loftus' assessment of some decarbonization plans, including Jacobson's, concluded in 2014-2015, that "more detailed analyses realistically addressing the key constraints", specifically relating to "the costs associated with integration of large amounts of variable generation" are needed.[61] Jacobson's 100% renewable world, has raised concerns about integration/grid-stability and the issue of Brownouts damaging equipment, some solutions presented for these issues include an expansion on the reliance of energy storage systems. Jacobson counters these by citing 24 publications, primarily penned by the authors Breyer, Mathieson, Jacobson himself, and Diesendorf, that instead argue, that the "100% renewable world" is not simply theoretically possible but will work out cheaper than present electricity rates.[62]

Opinions on Fukushima

In response to Jacobson's paper on estimating the health effects of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, which projected approximately 180 "cancer-related morbidities" to eventually occur in the public,[63][64] health physicist Professor Kathryn Higley of Oregon State University wrote in 2012, "The methods of the study were solid, and the estimates were reasonable, although there is still uncertainty around them. But given how much cancer already exists in the world, it would be very difficult to prove that anyone’s cancer was caused by the incident at Fukushima Daiichi. The World Health Organization estimates that 7.8 million people died worldwide in 2008, so 130 out of that number is quite small." She later said her remarks were "insufficiently nuanced".[65] Burton Richter, tenured in Stanford with Jacobson, similarly stated in his critique, "It is a first rate job and uses sources of radioactivity measurements that have not been used before to get a very good picture of the geographic distribution of radiation, a very good idea". Richter also noted that "I also think there is too much editorializing about accident potential at Diablo Canyon which makes [Jacobson's] paper sound a bit like an anti-nuclear piece instead of the very good analysis that it is," and "It seems clear that considering only the electricity generated by the Fukushima plant, nuclear is much less damaging to health than coal and somewhat better that [sic] gas even after including the accident. If nuclear power had never been deployed in Japan the effects on the public would have [been] much worse."[66][67]

British author and environmental activist Mark Lynas has criticized the paper's reliance on the disputed Linear no-threshold model (LNT) in its assessment of worldwide health effects.[68] Lynas notes that in a 2007 recommendation, the International Commission on Radiological Protection had warned "the calculation of the number of cancer deaths based on collective effective doses from trivial individual doses [LNT] should be avoided."[69] Due to its reliance on theory discredited by U.S. and international radiation experts, Lynas concluded Jacobsen et al's paper was "based on junk science" and was "worse than useless."[68]

Criticism and lawsuit

In 2017, Ken Caldeira and 20 other researchers published the largest focused critique of Jacobson's "100% Renewable world" paper.[70] David Victor of the University of California, San Diego, a co-author of the critique of Jacobson’s model for a cheap "100% renewable world", was motivated to contribute to the paper "when policy makers started using this [Jacobson] paper for scientific support," when it was "obviously incorrect".[71]

This 2017 critique resulted in Jacobson filing a lawsuit against the peer-reviewed scientific journal the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and Christopher Clack as the principal author of the paper, demanding $10 million in damages for defamation.[70] News reports and academics have criticized the "ridiculous" lawsuit.[13][72][73][74][75] The Wall Street Journal commented it was "the wrong way to resolve such [academic and scientific] disputes."[76] The lawsuit drew the attention of The New York Times.[77]

Jacobson withdrew the lawsuit in 2018 after re-evaluating the time and cost associated with potential appeals, stating that when he filed the lawsuit, he expected a settlement.[78][79][80]

In 2020, the Superior Court for the District of Columbia further Ordered that Jacobson must pay the legal fees incurred by Clack and PNAS. The amount that Jacobson will be required to pay has not been determined by the courts, but could be over $600,000 if the full amount claimed by the defendants is awarded.[14][15][81]

Publications

Books
  • Jacobson, M. Z., Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling. Cambridge University Press, New York, 656 pp., 1999.
  • Jacobson, M. Z., Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 813 pp., 2005.
  • Jacobson, M. Z., Atmospheric Pollution: History, Science, and Regulation, Cambridge University Press, New York, 399 pp., 2002.
  • Jacobson, M. Z., Air Pollution and Global Warming: History, Science, and Solutions, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011.

Selected articles

See also

References
  1. "Atmosphere / Energy Program | Civil and Environmental Engineering". cee.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
  2. Jacobson, M.Z. "History of, Processes in, and Numerical Techniques in GATOR-GCMOM" (PDF).
  3. "Mark Jacobson | Civil and Environmental Engineering". cee.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  4. Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, M.A. (November 2009). "A Path to Sustainable Energy by 2030" (PDF). Scientific American. 301 (5): 58–65. Bibcode:2009SciAm.301e..58J. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1109-58. PMID 19873905.
  5. Fields, Joe (2018-02-22). "Interview with Mark Z. Jacobson". Onalytica. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  6. "PEOPLE: Meet the scientist who wants to save the world with just renewables". www.eenews.net. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  7. "Mark Jacobson". MIT Energy Conference. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  8. "An Interview with Stanford University Clean Energy Champion Mark Z. Jacobson". www.sustaineurope.com. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  9. Kovo, Yael (2016-02-10). "Mark Jacobson - Roadmaps for Transitioning all 50 U.S. States to Wind, Water, and Solar Power". NASA. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  10. "Leading Stanford climate scientist builds incredible net zero home, complete with Tesla Powerwall". Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  11. Clack; et al. (2017-06-27). "Evaluation of a proposal for reliable low-cost grid power with 100% wind, water, and solar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (26): 6722–6727. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.6722C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1610381114. PMC 5495221. PMID 28630353.
  12. Woolston, Chris (November 8, 2017). "Energy researcher sues the US National Academy of Sciences for millions of dollars". Nature. 551 (7679): 152–153. Bibcode:2017Natur.551..152W. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22944. PMID 29120428. S2CID 211138862.
  13. Hiltzik, Michael (2018-02-23). "Column: A Stanford professor drops his ridiculous defamation lawsuit against his scientific critics". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  14. Columbia University School of Law, Climate Law Blog. Sabin Center for Climate Change Law (April 20, 2020). "Climate Scientist Must Pay Attorney's Fees After Bringing Defamation Suit Regarding Publication of Article".
  15. Oransky, Author Ivan (2020-07-09). "Stanford prof ordered to pay legal fees after dropping $10 million defamation case against another scientist". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  16. Jacobson, Mark Z. (2014). "Bitz, Ginoux, Jacobson, Nizkorodov, and Yang Receive 2013 Atmospheric Sciences Ascent Awards". Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. 95 (29): 266. Bibcode:2014EOSTr..95..266J. doi:10.1002/2014EO290012.
  17. Zhang, Y. (2008). "Online-coupled meteorology and chemistry models: history, current status, and outlook" (PDF).
  18. Jacobson and Turco (1994). "SMVGEAR: A sparse-matrix, vectorized Gear code for atmospheric models" (PDF).
  19. Jacobson, M.Z. (1995). "Computation of global photochemistry with SMVGEAR II" (PDF).
  20. Jacobson, M.Z. (1998). "Improvement of SMVGEAR II on vector and scalar machines through absolute error tolerance control" (PDF).
  21. Jacobson; et al. (1994). "Modeling coagulation among particles of different composition and size".
  22. Jacobson, M.Z. (2002). "Analysis of aerosol interactions with numerical techniques for solving coagulation, nucleation, condensation, dissolution, and reversible chemistry among multiple size distributions" (PDF).
  23. Jacobson and Seinfeld (2004). "Evolution of nanoparticle size and mixing state near the point of emission" (PDF).
  24. Jacobson; et al. (2005). "Enhanced coagulation due to evaporation and its effect on nanoparticle evolution" (PDF). Environmental Science and Technology. 39 (24): 9486–92. Bibcode:2005EnST...39.9486J. doi:10.1021/es0500299. PMID 16475326.
  25. Jacobson; et al. (1996). "Simulating equilibrium within aerosols and non-equilibrium between gases and aerosols" (PDF).
  26. Jacobson, M.Z. (1999). "Studying The effects of calcium and magnesium on size-distributed nitrate and ammonium with EQUISOLV II" (PDF).
  27. Jacobson, M.Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry" (PDF).
  28. Jacobson, M.Z. (1997). "Numerical techniques to solve condensational and dissolutional growth equations when growth is coupled to reversible reactions" (PDF).
  29. Jacobson; et al. (1996). "Development and application of a new air pollution modeling system. Part I: Gas-phase simulations" (PDF).
  30. Jacobson, M.Z. (1997). "Development and application of a new air pollution modeling system. Part II: Aerosol module structure and design" (PDF).
  31. Jacobson, M.Z. (2001). "GATOR-GCMM: A global through urban scale air pollution and weather forecast model. 1. Model design and treatment of subgrid soil, vegetation, roads, rooftops, water, sea ice, and snow" (PDF).
  32. Jacobson, M.Z. (2001). "GATOR-GCMM: 2. A study of day- and nighttime ozone layers aloft, ozone in national parks, and weather during the SARMAP field campaign" (PDF).
  33. Jacobson; et al. (2007). "Examining feedbacks of aerosols to urban climate with a model that treats 3-D clouds with aerosol inclusions" (PDF).
  34. Jacobson and Streets (2009). "The influence of future anthropogenic emissions on climate, natural emissions, and air quality" (PDF).
  35. Jacobson, M.Z. (2010). "Jacobson, M.Z., Short-term effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, Arctic ice, and air pollution health" (PDF).
  36. Jacobson, M.Z. (2014). "Effects of biomass burning on climate, accounting for heat and moisture fluxes, black and brown carbon, and cloud absorption effects" (PDF).
  37. David Perlman. Scientists say soot a key factor in warming San Francisco Chronicle, July 28, 2010.
  38. Bond; et al. (2013). "Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 118 (11): 5380–5552. Bibcode:2013JGRD..118.5380B. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50171.
  39. Jacobson, M.Z. (2002). "Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon plus organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming" (PDF).
  40. Nancy Folbre (March 28, 2011). "Renewing Support for Renewables". New York Times.
  41. Jacobson; et al. "Examining the feasibility of converting New York State's all-purpose energy infrastructure to one using wind, water, and sunlight" (PDF).
  42. Jacobson; et al. "A roadmap for repowering California for all purposes with wind, water, and sunlight" (PDF).
  43. Jacobson; et al. "A 100% wind, water, sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy plan for Washington State" (PDF).
  44. "PNAS Announces Six 2015 Cozzarelli Prize Recipients". News of the National Academy of Sciences. 1 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  45. Clack, Christopher T. M.; Qvist, Staffan A.; Apt, Jay; Bazilian, Morgan; Brandt, Adam R.; Caldeira, Ken; Davis, Steven J.; Diakov, Victor; Handschy, Mark A.; Hines, Paul D. H.; Jaramillo, Paulina; Kammen, Daniel M.; Long, Jane C. S.; Morgan, M. Granger; Reed, Adam; Sivaram, Varun; Sweeney, James; Tynan, George R.; Victor, David G.; Weyant, John P.; Whitacre, Jay F. (27 June 2017). "Evaluation of a proposal for reliable low-cost grid power with 100% wind, water, and solar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (26): 6722–6727. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.6722C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1610381114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5495221. PMID 28630353.
  46. Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A.; Cameron, Mary A.; Frew, Bethany A. (27 June 2017). "The United States can keep the grid stable at low cost with 100% clean, renewable energy in all sectors despite inaccurate claims". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (26): E5021–E5023. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E5021J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1708069114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5495290. PMID 28630350.
  47. Clack, Christopher T. M.; Qvist, Staffan A.; Apt, Jay; Bazilian, Morgan; Brandt, Adam R.; Caldeira, Ken; Davis, Steven J.; Diakov, Victor; Handschy, Mark A.; Hines, Paul D. H.; Jaramillo, Paulina; Kammen, Daniel M.; Long, Jane C. S.; Morgan, M. Granger; Reed, Adam; Sivaram, Varun; Sweeney, James; Tynan, George R.; Victor, David G.; Weyant, John P.; Whitacre, Jay F. (June 2017). "Response to Jacobson et al. (June 2017)" (PDF). vibrantcleanenergy.com. Retrieved 2019-04-16. The Jacobson et al. work has been show very clearly to contain a large number of fundamental errors, each on their own invalidating the results of the studies (many of which are not at all brought up by this response).
  48. Mark Schwarz (February 26, 2014). "Stanford scientist unveils 50-state plan to transform U.S. to renewable energy". Stanford Report.
  49. Mark Z. Jacobson. Nuclear power is too risky CNN.com, February 22, 2010.
  50. The Guardian. 2009 The carbon footprint of nuclear war
  51. Does Nuclear Energy Really Equate to Nuclear War? January 5, 2011 by Charles Barton
  52. Does the world need nuclear energy?
  53. Pushker A. Kharecha and James E. Hansen. (May 22, 2013). "Response to Comment on "Prevented Mortality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Historical and Projected Nuclear Power"" (PDF). Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (12): 6718–6719. Bibcode:2013EnST...47.6718K. doi:10.1021/es402211m. hdl:2060/20140017702. PMID 23697846.
  54. Bruckner et al. 2014: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter7.pdf Energy Systems. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
  55. The Economics of Nuclear Reactors: Renaissance or Relapse? Vermont Law School, June 2009, p. 1 and p. 8.
  56. Cooper, Mark (2016-01-26). "The Economic and Institutional Foundations of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change: The Political Economy of Roadmaps to a Sustainable Electricity Future". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2722880. S2CID 155402376. SSRN 2722880. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  57. Economist magazine article "Sun, wind and drain Wind and solar power are even more expensive than is commonly thought Jul 26th 2014"
  58. THE NET BENEFITS OF LOW AND NO-CARBON ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGIES. MAY 2014, Charles Frank PDF
  59. Comparing the Costs of Intermittent and Dispatchable Electricity-Generating Technologies", by Paul Joskow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September 2011
  60. Brook Barry W (2012). "Could nuclear fission energy, etc., solve the greenhouse problem? The affirmative case". Energy Policy. 42: 4–8. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.041.
  61. Loftus, Peter J.; Cohen, Armond M.; Long, Jane C. S.; Jenkins, Jesse D. (2015). "A critical review of global decarbonization scenarios: what do they tell us about feasibility?" (PDF). Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 6: 93–112. doi:10.1002/wcc.324.
  62. "Abstracts of 25 peer-reviewed published journal articles supporting the result that the electric grid can stay stable with electricity provided by 100% or near-100% renewable energy" (PDF). 2017.
  63. Hoeve, John E. Ten; Jacobson, Mark Z. (2012-08-15). "Worldwide health effects of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident". Energy & Environmental Science. 5 (9): 8743–8757. doi:10.1039/C2EE22019A. ISSN 1754-5706.
  64. "Fukushima.html".
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  66. Adams, Rod (2012-07-25). "Science Controversies and Print Edition Limitations - Jacobson versus radiation biology specialists". Atomic Insights. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  67. Richter, Burton (2012-07-17). "Opinion on Worldwide health effects of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident by J. E. Ten Hoeve and M. Z. Jacobson, Energy Environ. Sci., 2012, 5, DOI: 10.1039/c2ee22019a" (PDF). Energy & Environmental Science. 5 (9): 8758. doi:10.1039/C2EE22658H.
  68. Lynas, Mark (2012-07-18). "Why Fukushima death toll projections are based on junk science". marklynas.org. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  69. Valentin, J., ed. (2007). "ICRP Publication 103: The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection" (PDF). icrp.org. International Commission on Radiological Protection. doi:10.1177/ANIB_37_2-4 (inactive 2021-01-19). Retrieved 2019-04-14. the calculation of the number of cancer deaths based on collective effective doses from trivial individual doses should be avoided.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (link)
  70. A bitter scientific debate just erupted over the future of America’s power grid
  71. Porter, Eduardo (2017-06-20). "Fisticuffs Over the Route to a Clean-Energy Future". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
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