Mark Fisher

Mark Fisher (11 July 1968 – 13 January 2017), also known under his blogging alias k-punk, was a British writer, critic, cultural theorist, philosopher and teacher based in the Department of Visual Cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London. He initially achieved acclaim for his blogging as k-punk in the early 2000s, and was known for his writing on radical politics, music, and popular culture.

For other people named Mark Fisher, see Mark Fisher (disambiguation).

Mark Fisher
Fisher in 2011
Born(1968-07-11)11 July 1968
Midlands, England, United Kingdom
Died13 January 2017(2017-01-13) (aged 48)
United Kingdom
Other namesk-punk
Alma mater
Notable work
SchoolContinental philosophy
InstitutionsGoldsmiths' College, London
ThesisFlatline Constructs (1999)
Main interests
Notable ideas
Capitalist realism, business ontology
Websitek-punk.abstractdynamics.org

Fisher published several books, including the unexpected success Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? (2009), and contributed to publications such as The Wire, Fact, New Statesman and Sight & Sound. He was also the co-founder of Zero Books, and later Repeater Books. He died by suicide in January 2017, shortly before the publication of The Weird and the Eerie (2017).

Biography

Education and early life

Born and raised in the Midlands, Fisher was formatively influenced in his youth by the post-punk music press of the late 1970s, particularly papers such as NME which crossed music with politics, film, and fiction.[1] He was also influenced by the relationship between working class culture and football, being present at the Hillsborough disaster.[2] Fisher earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and Philosophy at Hull University (1989), and completed a PhD at the University of Warwick in 1999 titled Flatline Constructs: Gothic Materialism and Cybernetic Theory-Fiction.[3] During this time, Fisher was a founding member of the interdisciplinary collective known as the Cybernetic Culture Research Unit, which were associated with accelerationist political thought and the work of philosophers Sadie Plant and Nick Land.[1][4] There, he befriended and influenced producer Kode9, who would later found the Hyperdub record label.[5] In the early 1990s, he also made music as part of the techno group D-Generation, releasing the 12" Entropy in the UK.[5][6]

After a period teaching in a further education college as a philosophy lecturer,[7] Fisher began his blog on cultural theory, k-punk, in 2003.[8] Music critic Simon Reynolds described it as "a one-man magazine superior to most magazines in Britain"[1] and as the central hub of a "constellation of blogs" in which popular culture, music, film, politics, and critical theory were discussed in tandem by journalists, academics, and colleagues.[9] Vice magazine later described his writing on k-punk as "lucid and revelatory, taking literature, music and cinema we're familiar with and effortlessly disclosing its inner secrets".[10] Fisher used the blog as a more flexible, generative venue for writing, a respite from the frameworks and expectations of academic writing.[11] Fisher also co-founded the message board Dissensus with writer Matt Ingram.[1]

Career

Subsequently, Fisher was a visiting fellow and a lecturer on Aural and Visual Cultures at Goldsmiths College, a commissioning editor at Zero books, an editorial board member of Interference: A Journal of Audio Culture and Edinburgh University Press's Speculative Realism series, and an acting deputy editor at The Wire.[12] In 2009, Fisher edited The Resistible Demise of Michael Jackson, a collection of critical essays on the career and death of Michael Jackson, and published Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?, an analysis of the ideological effects of neoliberalism on contemporary culture. He was an early critic of call-out culture and in 2013 published a controversial essay titled "Exiting the Vampire Castle".[13][14] Fisher argued that call-out culture created a space "where solidarity is impossible, but guilt and fear are omnipresent". Fisher also argues that call-out culture reduces every political issue to criticizing the behaviour of individuals, instead of dealing with such political issues through collective action.[15][16] In 2014, Fisher published Ghosts of My Life: Writings on Depression, Hauntology and Lost Futures, a collection of essays on similar themes viewed through the prisms of music, film, and hauntology. He also contributed intermittently to a number of publications, including Fact and The Wire. In 2016, Fisher co-edited a critical anthology on the post-punk era with Kodwo Eshun and Gavin Butt titled Post-Punk Then and Now, published by Repeater Books.[17]

Death

Fisher died on 13 January 2017 at the age of 48, shortly before the publication of his latest book The Weird and the Eerie (2017).[18] His wife confirmed that he had taken his own life.[1][19] His struggles with depression were discussed by Fisher in articles[20] and in his book Capitalist Realism. According to Simon Reynolds in The Guardian, Fisher argued that "the pandemic of mental anguish that afflicts our time cannot be properly understood, or healed, if viewed as a private problem suffered by damaged individuals."[21]

Legacy

Fisher has been posthumously acclaimed as a highly influential thinker and theorist.[22][23] Commenting on Fisher's influence in Tribune, Alex Niven recalled that Fisher's "lucidity, but more than that, his ability to get to the heart of what was wrong with late-capitalist culture and right about the putative alternative...seemed to have cracked some ineffable code".[24] In The Irish Times Rob Doyle wrote that "a more interesting British writer has not appeared in this century",[25] while The Guardian described Fisher's k-punk blog posts as "required reading for a generation".[26] In the Los Angeles Review of Books, Roger Luckhurst called Fisher "one of Britain's most trenchant, clear-sighted, and sparky cultural commentators...it is a catastrophe that we no longer have Mark Fisher".[27]

Work

Capitalist realism
Main article: Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?

In the late 2000s, Fisher re-purposed the term "capitalist realism" to describe "the widespread sense that not only is capitalism the only viable political and economic system, but also that it is now impossible even to imagine a coherent alternative to it".[28] He expanded on the concept in his 2009 book Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?,[29] arguing that the term best describes the ideological situation since the fall of the Soviet Union, in which the logics of capitalism have come to delineate the limits of political and social life, with significant effects on education, mental illness, pop culture, and methods of resistance.[29] The result is a situation in which it is "easier to imagine an end to the world than an end to capitalism."[30] Fisher writes:

Capitalist realism as I understand it cannot be confined to art or to the quasi-propagandistic way in which advertising functions. It is more like a pervasive atmosphere, conditioning not only the production of culture but also the regulation of work and education, and acting as a kind of invisible barrier constraining thought and action.[31]

As a philosophical concept, capitalist realism is influenced by the Althusserian conception of ideology, as well as the work of Fredric Jameson and Slavoj Žižek.[32] Fisher proposes that within a capitalist framework there is no space to conceive of alternative forms of social structures, adding that younger generations are not even concerned with recognizing alternatives.[33] He proposes that the 2008 financial crisis compounded this position; rather than catalyzing a desire to seek alternatives for the existing model, the response to the crisis reinforced the notion that modifications must be made within the existing system. Fisher argues that capitalist realism has propagated a 'business ontology' which concludes that everything should be run as a business including education and healthcare.[34]

Following the publication of Fisher's work, the term has been picked up by other literary critics.[35]

Hauntology
Main articles: Hauntology and Hauntology (music)
Mark Fisher lecturing on the topic "The Slow Cancellation of the Future" in 2014

Fisher popularised the use of Jacques Derrida's concept of hauntology to describe a pervasive sense in which contemporary culture is haunted by the "lost futures" of modernity, which failed to occur or were cancelled by postmodernity and neoliberalism.[36] Fisher and others have drawn attention to the shift into post-Fordist economies in the late 1970s, which he argued has "gradually and systematically deprived artists of the resources necessary to produce the new".[37] In contrast to the nostalgia and ironic pastiche of postmodern culture, Fisher defined hauntological art as exploring these impasses and representing a "refusal to give up on the desire for the future" and a "pining for a future that never arrived".[38][39] Discussing the political relevance of the concept, Fisher wrote:

At a time of political reaction and restoration, when cultural innovation has stalled and even gone backwards, when "power . . . operates predictively as much as retrospectively" (Eshun 2003: 289), one function of hauntology is to keep insisting that there are futures beyond postmodernity's terminal time. When the present has given up on the future, we must listen for the relics of the future in the unactivated potentials of the past.[36]

Fisher and critic Simon Reynolds adapted Derrida's concept to describe a musical trend in the mid-2000s.[40] Fisher's 2014 book Ghosts of My Life examined these ideas through cultural sources, such as the music of Burial, Joy Division, and the Ghost Box label, TV series such as Sapphire & Steel, the films of Stanley Kubrick and Christopher Nolan, and the novels of David Peace and John le Carré.

The Weird and the Eerie

Fisher's posthumous book The Weird and the Eerie[41] explores the titular concepts of "the weird" and "the eerie" through various works of art, defining the concepts as radical narrative modes or moments of "transcendental shock" which work to de-center the human subject[42] and de-naturalise social reality, exposing the arbitrary forces that shape it.[43] Summarizing Fisher's characterizations, Yohann Koshy stated that "weirdness abounds at the edge between worlds; eeriness radiates from the ruins of lost ones."[10] The book includes discussion of science-fiction and horror sources such as the writing of H. P. Lovecraft, Joan Lindsay's 1967 Picnic at Hanging Rock, and Philip K. Dick, films such as David Lynch's Inland Empire (2006) and Jonathan Glazer's Under the Skin (2013), and the music of UK post-punk band The Fall and ambient musician Brian Eno.[44]

Acid Communism

At the time of his death, Fisher was said to be planning a new book titled Acid Communism,[1] excerpts of which were published as part of a Mark Fisher anthology, k-punk: The Collected and Unpublished Writings of Mark Fisher (2004–2016), by Repeater Books in November 2018.[45][46] Acid Communism would have attempted to reclaim elements of the 1960s counterculture and psychedelia in the interest of imagining new political possibilities for the Left.[1]

On Vanishing Land

Following Fisher's death, the Hyperdub record label published an audio-essay by Justin Barton and Fisher in July 2019. Barton provided music and Fisher provided text for the audio-essay which "evokes a walk along the Suffolk coastline in 2006, from Felixstowe container port ('a nerve ganglion of capitalism') to the Anglo-Saxon burial ground at Sutton Hoo".[47] Adam Harper wrote about the elements of Hauntology in On Vanishing Land, as well as its relation to the environmentalist movement.[48] In a review for The Quietus, Johny Lamb referred to On Vanishing Land as a "shocking revelation of the proximity of dystopia."[49]

Bibliography
  • The Resistible Demise of Michael Jackson (editor). Winchester: Zero Books, 2009. ISBN 978-1846943485
  • Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?. Winchester: Zero Books, 2009. ISBN 978-1846943171
  • Ghosts of My Life: Writings on Depression, Hauntology and Lost Futures. Winchester: Zero Books, 2014. ISBN 978-1780992266
  • Post-Punk Then and Now (editor, with Gavin Butt and Kodwo Eshun). London: Repeater Books, 2016. ISBN 978-1910924266
  • The Weird and the Eerie. London: Repeater Books, 2017. ISBN 978-1910924389
  • k-punk: The Collected and Unpublished Writings of Mark Fisher (2004–2016) (edited by Darren Ambrose, foreword by Simon Reynolds). London: Repeater Books, 2018. ISBN 978-1910924389
  • Postcapitalist Desire: The Final Lectures (edited and with an introduction by Matt Colquhoun). London: Repeater Books, 2020. ISBN 9781913462482

References
  1. "Mark Fisher's K-punk blogs were required reading for a generation" by Simon Reynolds, The Guardian, 18 January 2017
  2. Niven, Alex (19 January 2017). "Mark Fisher, 1968-2017". Jacobin. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  3. Fisher, Mark (1999). Flatline constructs: Gothic materialism and cybernetic theory-fiction. ethos.bl.uk (PhD thesis). University of Warwick. OCLC 59534159. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.340547. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010.
  4. Fisher, Mark (1 June 2011). "Nick Land: Mind Games". Dazed.
  5. "Mark Fisher 1968–2017". The Wire. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  6. Reynolds, Simon. "D-Generation". Melody Maker. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  7. Fisher, Mark; Gilbert, Jeremy (Winter 2013). "Capitalist Realism and Neoliberal Hegemony: A Dialogue". New Formations (80–81): 89–101 (at p. 90). doi:10.3898/neWF.80/81.05.2013. S2CID 142588084.
  8. "Mark Fisher – Zero Books – Author Profile".
  9. frieze Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  10. Koshy, Yohann (20 February 2017). "The Revolution Will Be Weird and Eerie". Vice. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  11. Braithwaite, Phoebe (11 August 2020). "Mark Fisher's Popular Modernism". Jacobin Magazine.
  12. "Fisher, Mark, Goldsmiths, University of London". gold.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  13. Fisher, Mark (22 November 2013). "Exiting the Vampire Castle". Archived from the original on 4 February 2018.
  14. "Exiting the Vampire Castle". openDemocracy. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  15. Vansintjan, Aaron. (29 October 2017) "Beyond Bloodsucking", openDemocracy, Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  16. Izaakson, Jen. (12 August 2017)‘Kill All Normies’ skewers online identity politics Feminist Current. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  17. Mankowski, Guy. "Post-Punk Then and Now: a review", 3:AM magazine, 22 December 2016.
  18. "Capitalist Realism Author Mark Fisher Dies", The Quietus, 14 January 2017
  19. "Mark Fisher, influential music writer and theorist known as K-Punk, has died", Fact, 14 January 2017
  20. E.g. "Why mental health is a political issue" by Mark Fisher, The Guardian, 16 July 2012
  21. Reynolds, Simon (18 January 2017). "Opinion: Mark Fisher's K-punk blogs were required reading for a generation". The Guardian.
  22. Seaton, Lola (20 January 2021). "The ghosts of Mark Fisher". New Statesman. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  23. Arcand, Rob (14 December 2018). "The Marxist Pop-Culture Theorist Who Influenced a Generation". The Nation. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  24. Niven, Alex (13 January 2021). "Our Debt to Mark Fisher". Tribune. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  25. Doyle, Rob (30 March 2019). "Is Mark Fisher this century's most interesting British writer?". The Irish Times. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  26. Reynolds, Simon (19 January 2017). "Mark Fisher's K-punk blogs were required reading for a generation". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  27. Luckhurst, Roger (9 March 2019). "The Necessity of Being Judgmental: On "k-punk: The Collected and Unpublished Writings of Mark Fisher"". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  28. Fisher, Mark (2010). Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?. Winchester, UK: Zero Books. p. 2.
  29. Mark Fisher, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? (Winchester, UK; Washington [D.C.]: Zero, 2009); ISBN 978-1-84694-317-1 (pbk.); 1846943175 (pbk.).
  30. Fisher, Mark (1 January 2010). Capitalist realism : is there no alternative?. Zero Books. ISBN 9781846943171. OCLC 699737863.
  31. Mark Fisher, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? (Winchester, UK; Washington [D.C.]: Zero, 2009).
  32. Fisher, Mark (2009). Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?. Zero Books. ISBN 978-1846943171.
  33. Fisher, Mark (2009). Capitalist Realism. Is There No Alternative?. O Books. p. 8. ISBN 9781846943171.
  34. Fisher, Mark (2009). Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?. Winchester, UK; Washington [D.C.]: Zero. p. 15.
  35. Prominently Mark Fisher and Jeremy Gilbert, 'Capitalist Realism and Neoliberal Hegemony: A Dialogue', New Formations, 80—81 (2013), 89—101 DOI:10.3898/NEWF.80/81.05.2013; Reading Capitalist Realism, ed. by Alison Shonkwiler and Leigh Claire La Berge (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2014).
  36. Mark Fisher – The Metaphysics of Crackle: Afrofuturism and Hauntology
  37. The Metaphysics of Crackle: Afrofuturism and Hauntology
  38. Stone Blue Editors (11 September 2015). William Basinski: Musician Snapshots. SBE Media. pp. Chapter 3.
  39. Fisher, Mark. Ghosts of My Life: Writings on Depression, Hauntology and Lost Futures. Zero Books, 30 May 2014. ISBN 978-1-78099-226-6
  40. Albiez, Sean (2017). Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 11. Bloomsbury. pp. 347–349. ISBN 9781501326103. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  41. "The Weird and the Eerie | Repeater Books | Repeater Books". Repeater Books. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  42. Daniel, James Rushing (7 March 2017). "The Weird and the Eerie". Hong Kong Review of Books. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  43. Woodard, Benjamin Graham (2017). "The Weird and the Eerie". Textual Practice. 31 (6): 1181–1183. doi:10.1080/0950236X.2017.1358704. S2CID 149095699.
  44. Thacker, Eugene (27 June 2017). "Weird, Eerie, & Monstrous: Review of The Weird and the Eerie by Mark Fisher". boundary2.
  45. "Mark Fisher Anthology To Be Released". The Quietus. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  46. "k-punk: The Collected and Unpublished Writings of Mark Fisher (2004–2016) | Repeater Books | Repeater Books". Repeater Books. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  47. "On Vanishing Land, by Mark Fisher & Justin Barton". Hyperdub. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  48. "Retracing Mark Fisher and Justin Barton's Eerie Pilgrimage | Frieze". Frieze. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  49. "The Quietus | Features | The Lead Review | Into The Nerve Ganglion: Mark Fisher & Justin Barton On Vanishing Land". The Quietus. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
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