Marina Mniszech

Marina Mniszech (Polish: Maryna Mniszech;[2] Russian: Марина Мнишек [Marina Mnishek], Russian pronunciation: [mɐˈrinə ˈmniʂɨk]; also known in Russian lore as Marinka the Witch;[3] c. 1588 – 24 December 1614) was a Polish noblewoman and warlord who became the Tsaritsa of Russia during the Time of Troubles.

Marina Mniszech
Tsaritsa of All Russia
Tenure	1605–1606
Coronation	8 May 1606
Born	1588 Laszki Murowane, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland[1]
Died	December 24, 1614 (age 26) Kolomna Kremlin, Tsardom of Russia
Spouse	False Dmitriy I False Dmitriy II Ivan Zarutsky
Issue	Ivan Dmitriyevich
Full name Maryna Mniszech
House	House of Mniszech Impostor House of Rurik (by marriage)
Father	Jerzy Mniszech
Mother	Jadwiga Tarło-Mniszech
Religion	Roman Catholicism

She was forcibly installed with her husband, False Dmitry I, on the Russian throne by Poland's King Sigismund III. A devout Catholic, Marina hoped to convert Russia's population to Catholicism and followed Sigismund's command to spread terror and eradicate opposition in order to create a puppet state.

Her husband's assassination was used as justification by Poland to invade Russia in 1609.

Life

An official royal likeness of Dmitry.

Mniszech was a daughter of Jadwiga Tarło and Polish Voivode-Governor of Sandomierz Jerzy Mniszech – one of the organizers of the Dimitriads, which were instigated by the appearance of a man who claimed to be Ivan the Terrible's son. Marina Mniszech's marriage to False Dmitriy I provided an opportunity for the Polish magnates to control their protégé. Mniszech met False Dmitry I around 1604 or 1605, at the court of one of the Commonwealth magnates, and agreed to marry him. In return for her hand Dmitri promised her Pskov and Novgorod, and her father Smolensk and Severia. After Dmitri captured Moscow in June 1605, in November he sent a diplomatic mission to Poland, asking for Marina's hand and proposing a military alliance to defeat the Ottoman Empire.

Coronation of Maryna Mniszech in Moscow by Tommaso Dolabella.

Tsaritsa

The first wedding ceremony, performed in November 1605 by the Bishop of Kraków, Cardinal Bernard Maciejowski was held per procura in Kraków, at the Montelupi complex (Pod Jaszczurami and Firlejowska) and was attended by the Polish king Sigismund III Vasa himself, as well as hundreds of high-ranking szlachta members and foreign guests. Dmitri was represented by Muscovy envoy, Afanasy Vlasiev. Afterwards, Marina went with her father and a retinue of approximately 4,000 to Moscow. At the beginning of May 1606, Marina entered Moscow in a triumphant parade, and on 8 May was crowned in Uspensky Sobor when Patriarch Ignatius confirmed their marriage and put the Rurikids crown on her head. It is unknown whether Marina converted from Catholicism to Orthodoxy. She wore a Polish wedding dress, and Dmitri wore the armor of a Polish hussar.

Marina and her father Jerzy Mniszech in exile at Yaroslavl, by Klodt von Urgenburg.

However, Marina did not reign long. On the morning of 17 May 1606, about two weeks after the marriage, conspirators opposed to Dmitri and his policy of close cooperation with Poland stormed the Kremlin. Dmitri tried to flee through a window but broke his leg in the fall. One of the plotters shot him dead on the spot. At first the body was put on display, then cremated and the ashes were shot from a cannon towards Poland. Dmitri's reign had lasted a mere ten months. Vasili Shuisky, whom Dmitri earlier pardoned for conspiring against him, took his place as Tsar. This coup d'état caused thousands of deaths, including many from the Polish entourage. Marina and Jerzy Mniszech were imprisoned. However, the story of the False Dmitri was just beginning.

Marina Mniszech in coronation robes, 1606.

Later life

After the death of False Dmitry I, Marina Mniszech was spared her life – after she had rejected her royal title – and sent back to Poland in July 1608.[4] However, her father Jerzy Mniszech didn't give up on his plan to become father-in-law of the Tsar. Exiled to Yaroslavl, he searched for a way to regain his favours. With his help, Marina turned up in Tushino, where she would secretly marry another impostor False Dmitry II, after supposedly recognizing him as her husband. Polish hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski wrote in his memoirs that the only two things False Dmitris I and II had in common was that "they were both human and usurpers". False Dmitry II was killed in December 1610.

Escape of Marina Mniszech and Tsarevich Ivan by Leon Wyczółkowski.

Marina Mniszech then found herself a protector in the person of ataman Ivan Zarutsky, who would try to support the nomination of her son Ivan (born in January 1611) for the Russian throne. His henchmen called Marina Mniszech's son "Ivan Dmitriyevich" (literally Ivan, son of Dmitri), however, Patriarch Hermogenes would later dub him an "offspring of the rebel/criminal" (voryonok; at the time, the word "vor" which now means thief, meant "political criminal"). In the summer of 1613, after having lost their supporters, Mniszech and Zarutsky fled to Astrakhan but with the election of Michael Romanov as tsar, the citizens of Astrakhan wanted the pretender and his family gone from their city. In 1614, an uprising of townspeople was aimed solely at capturing the family. They fled into the steppes, to escape. Near the Yaik River in May 1614, after failing to gather support for a Cossack uprising, they were captured by the Cossacks and handed over to the new Tsar the following month.

Ivan Zarutsky and Mniszech's little son were executed in 1614. Marina Mniszech died in prison soon afterwards.[5] According to some sources she was found strangled.

In popular culture

Marinkina Tower of the Kolomna Kremlin where according to a legend Marina Mniszech was imprisoned and died

Marina Mniszech appears as a character in Alexander Pushkin's blank verse drama Boris Godunov and Modest Mussorgsky's opera of the same name. Although both depict Marina's impending marriage to False Dmitriy I, the depictions of the future Tsaritsa are quite different. Pushkin wrote, "A tragedy without love attracted my imagination. But apart from love entering a great deal into the character of my adventurer, I made Dmitri fall in love with Marina to make the strange character of the latter stand out better. It is barely outlined in Karamzin. But certainly, she was an odd and pretty woman. She had only one passion and that was ambition, but with such a degree of energy, or fury, that it is difficult to imagine it. Look how having sampled royalty, drunk on a dream, she prostitutes herself to one adventurer after another -- shares now the disgusting bed of a Jew, now the tent of a Cossack, always ready to give herself to whoever can show her a faint hope of a throne which no longer exists. Look at her brave war, poverty, shame, at the same time negotiating with the King of Poland like one crowned head to another, and then end her most stormy and most extraordinary existence so miserably. I have only one scene for her, but I will return to her if God lets me live long enough. She upsets me like a violent emotion. She is horribly Polish, as Mme. Lubomirska's cousin said."[6]

In Mussorgsky's opera, however, Marina Mniszech's ambitious manipulation of her future husband is shown to be instigated by a Jesuit priest, who eventually threatens her with hellfire unless she seduces the Pretender. Then Rangoni informs False Dmitry about Marina coming to the garden and secretly being in love with him [with False Dmitry]. The Pretender confesses his feelings but the proud Marina rejects the love of a 'daring vagabond', and promises to share his feelings only after he becomes a Tsar to make her a Tsaritsa of all Russias.[7][8]

"The Witch" legend

When Marina's three-year-old son, Tsarevich Ivan Dmitriyevich, was publicly hanged, Marina – according to the Russian ambassador to the Polish royal court – “died of longing for her own fate”. According to other sources, she either was hanged or was drowned.

A popular legend has it that Mnishek, a powerful witch, put a curse on the Romanov dynasty because of the execution of her son by the new Tsar Michail and his father, Patriarch Filaret of Moscow. The boy's body had been left hanging near the Serpukhov Gate for months. Marina said: "Damn you! In the Ipatiev's [Monastery] you started, in the Ipatiev's [House] you will end! You began with the death of a tsarevich, you will end with the death of a tsarevich!" Thus, according to the legend, the barbaric[9] murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his family, including his twelve-year-old son the tsarevich, was Marinka the Witch's revenge for the barbaric public execution of her tsarevich-son.[10][11]

See also

• Urszula Mayerin
• Elżbieta Sieniawska
• Izabela Czartoryska

Notes and references

1. "Laszki Murowane". Dawne Kresy (Former Kresy) (in Polish). Retrieved 2010-02-09.
2. Derived from Maria, Miodek, Jan; Zaśko-Zielińska, Monika; Piekot, Tomasz (2002). Słownik ojczyzny polszczyzny (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Europa. p. 397. ISBN 83-87977-92-6.
3. Ivanits, Linda J. (1992). Russian folk belief (in Polish). M.E. Sharpe. p. 88. ISBN 0-87332-889-2.
4. "Renegades, rebels and rogues under the Tsars". Choice Reviews Online. 41 (8): 41–4829-41-4829. 2004-04-01. doi:10.5860/choice.41-4829. ISSN 0009-4978.
5. Heretz, Leonid (2008), "The sectarians: dualism and secret history", Russia on the Eve of Modernity, Cambridge University Press, pp. 76–101, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511497179.004, ISBN 978-0-511-49717-9
6. The Critical Prose of Alexander Pushkin, edited and translated by Carl R. Proffer. University of Indiana Press, 1969. Pages 96-97.
7. Smirnova, Esther (2001). "Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Boris Godunov". Русская музыкальная литература: Для VI—VII кл. ДМШ: Учебник [Russian Music Literature: For VI-VII grades. Children's Music School: Textbook] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: Muzyka (publisher). p. 68. ISBN 5-7140-0142-7.
8. "Борис Годунов - второй обзор - заговор, шизофрения и голод - 3 действие 1 картин" [Boris Godunov - Second Review - Conspiracy, Schizophrenia and Hunger - Part 3 Act 1]. YouTube (in Russian). ANGE (humorous and educational programme). 8 August 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
9. "Putin's Russia and the ghost of the Romanovs". The Economist official YouTube channel. July 17, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
10. "Горелова Л. Е. Памятники русской медицинской письменности // Русский медицинский журнал. — 14.02.2000. — Т.8. — № 5" [' Gorelova L.E. Monuments of Russian medical writing]. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017.
11. "Проклятие Марины Мнишек: сказ о лжецарице, русском пире и русском бунте" [The Curse by Marina Mnishek: A Tale of the False Queen, Russian Feast and Russian Rebellion] (in Russian). June 29, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2019.

External links

• Maryna Mniszchówna – caryca Rosji (in Polish)