Margaret Keane

Margaret D. H. Keane (born Peggy Doris Hawkins, September 15, 1927)[1] is an American artist known for her paintings of subjects with big eyes. She mainly paints women, children, or animals in oil or mixed media. The work achieved commercial success through inexpensive reproductions on prints, plates, and cups. It has been critically acclaimed but also criticized as formulaic and cliché. The artwork was originally attributed to Keane's husband, Walter Keane. After their divorce in the 1960s, Margaret soon claimed credit, which was established after a court "paint-off" in Hawaii.[2]

For the American chief executive, see Margaret M. Keane.
Margaret Keane
Born
Peggy Doris Hawkins

(1927-09-15) September 15, 1927
Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
Other namesPeggy Ulbrich
MDH Keane
Margaret McGuire
OccupationArtist
Spouse(s)
Frank Richard Ulbrich
​
​
(m. 1948; div. 1955)​

​
​
(m. 1955; div. 1965)​

Daniel Francis McGuire
​
​
(m. 1970)​
Children1
Websitewww.keane-eyes.com

A resurgence of interest in Margaret Keane's work followed the release of Tim Burton's 2014 biopic Big Eyes. She maintains a gallery in San Francisco which boasts "the largest collection of Margaret Keane's art in the entire world."[3] In light of the great gulf between her work's popularity and its critical lampooning, she has been called the "Wayne Newton of the art world."[4]

Early life

Peggy Doris Hawkins was born September 15, 1927 in Nashville, Tennessee. When she was two, her eardrum was permanently damaged during a mastoid operation. Unable to hear properly, she learned to watch the eyes of the person talking to her to understand them.[5] Keane started drawing as a child, and at age 10 she took classes at the Watkins Institute in Nashville.[6][7] Keane painted her first oil painting of two little girls, one crying and one laughing, when she was 10 years old and gave the drawing to her grandmother.[8] She was well known at the local church for her sketches of angels with big eyes and floppy wings.

At age 18 she attended the Traphagen School Of Design in New York City for a year.[9][10] She began work painting clothing and baby cribs in the 1950s until she finally began a career painting portraits.[9] Early on, Margaret began experimenting in Kitsch. She worked in both acrylic and oil-based paints, with the subject of her artwork limited to women, children and familiar animals (cats, dogs, horses).[11]

Career

Career with Walter Keane

Some time in the mid-1950s, Margaret, married with a child, met Walter Keane. As Walter Keane told the story when he was at the height of his popularity, he saw her sitting alone at a "well known North Beach bistro and he was attracted by her large eyes.[12] At the time Walter was also married, worked as a real estate salesman and painted on the side.[13] He would later tell reporters, however, that he had given up his "highly successful real estate career" in 1947.[14] Margaret found him "suave, gregarious and charming."[13] The two married in 1955 in Honolulu.[15]

Margaret has said that he began selling her characteristic "big eyes" paintings immediately, but unknown to her, claimed it was his own work.[13] The principal venue for his sales was the hungry i, a comedy club in San Francisco.[16] When she discovered his deception, she remained silent. She later explained her behavior: "I was afraid of him because he [threatened] to have me done in if I said anything."[13] But Margaret even publicly acknowledged him as the artist, while later claiming it was "tortuous" for her. She rationalized the situation on the ground that "[a]t least they were being shown."[17]

In 1957 Walter began exhibiting the "big eyes" paintings as his own. In February the work was shown on a wall of the Bank of America in Sausalito.[18] He took nine paintings to New Orleans, which he claims to have sold during Mardi Gras. That summer Walter arranged for a showing at the Washington Square Outdoor Art show in New York City. Displaying his talent for promotion, during that trip he arranged for a showing in August at the Sheraton Hotel in Chicago and another in a small East Side gallery for the same month.[19]

Walter began developing a mythology about himself and to a lesser extent Margaret. He eventually began promotions of "The Painting Keanes."[17]

In the 1960s, Keane became one of the most popular and commercially successful artists of the time. Andy Warhol said "I think what Keane has done is just terrific. It has to be good. If it were bad, so many people wouldn't like it."[20] On the other hand, when one of the exhibitors at the 1964 World's Fair in Flushing, Queens, announced that it would exhibit Keane's Tomorrow Forever,, the New York Times's art critic expressed outrage, calling it "[t]he most grotesque announcement yet from the New York World's Fair." That's why the painting had a countless number of doe-eyed waifs from the horizon to the foreground where they lined up on a staircase. The art critic described Keane as a painter celebrated "for grinding out formula pictures of wide-eyed children of such appalling sentimentality that his product has become synonymous among critics definition of tasteless hack work. [The painting] contains about 100 children and hence is about 100 times as bad as the average Keane."[21] Robert Moses, stung by the resulting criticism, prevented the painting from being displayed at the Fair.

During this time, Margaret Kane's artwork was sold under the name of her husband, Walter Keane, who claimed credit for her paintings.[22] At the height of the artworks' popularity, she was painting non-stop for 16 hours a day.[8]. This situation lasted as long as Margaret didn't leave Walter in 1964.

Career after Walter Keane

In 1970, Keane announced on a radio broadcast she was the real creator of the paintings that had been attributed to her ex-husband Walter Keane. After Keane revealed the truth, a "paint-out" between Margaret and Walter was staged in San Francisco's Union Square, arranged by Bill Flang, a reporter from the San Francisco Examiner and attended by the media and Margaret. Walter did not show up.[7][23] In 1986, she sued both Walter and USA Today in federal court for an article claiming Walter was the real artist. At the trial, the judge famously ordered both Margaret and Walter to each create a big-eyed painting in the courtroom, to determine who was telling the truth. Walter declined, citing a sore shoulder, whereas Margaret completed her painting in 53 minutes. After a three-week trial, the jury awarded her $4 million in damages. After the verdict Keane said "I really feel that justice has triumphed. It's been worth it, even if I don't see any of that four million dollars."[20][24][25] A federal appeals court upheld the verdict of defamation in 1990, but overturned the $4 million damage award. Keane says she doesn't care about the money and just wanted to establish the fact that she had done the paintings.[26]

The artworks Keane created while living in the shadow of her husband tended to depict sad-looking children in dark settings. After she left Walter, moved to Hawaii and, after years of following astrology, palmistry, handwriting analysis and transcendental meditation,[4] became a Jehovah's Witness, her work took on a happier, brighter style. "The eyes I draw on my children are an expression of my own deepest feelings. Eyes are windows of the soul," Keane explains.[27] Many galleries now advertise her artworks as having "tears of joy" or "tears of happiness." She described her subjects thus: "These are the paintings of children in paradise. They are what I think the world is going to look like when God's will is done."[4]

Hollywood actors Joan Crawford, Natalie Wood and Jerry Lewis commissioned Keane to paint their portraits.[7][28][29] In the 1990s, Tim Burton, a Keane art collector and director of the 2014 biographical film Big Eyes about the life of Margaret Keane, commissioned the artist to paint a portrait of his then-girlfriend Lisa Marie.[30] Keane's art was bought and presented to the United Nations Children's Fund in 1961 by the Prescolite Manufacturing Corporation.[31] Keane's big eyes paintings have influenced toy designs, Little Miss No Name and Susie Sad Eyes dolls, and the cartoon The Powerpuff Girls.[10]

Style

Keane's paintings are recognizable by the oversized, doe-like eyes of her subjects.[24] Keane says she was always interested in the eyes and used to draw them in her school books. She began painting her signature "Keane eyes" when she started painting portraits of children. "Children do have big eyes. When I'm doing a portrait, the eyes are the most expressive part of the face. And they just got bigger and bigger and bigger," Keane said. Keane focused on the eyes, as they show the inner person more.[8][32] Keane attributes Amedeo Modigliani's work as a major influence on the way she has painted women since 1959. Other artists who influenced her in use of color, dimension and composition include Van Gogh, Gustav Klimt and Picasso.[10] Despite her claims to fine art, she has never been a critical success; instead she remained "known for her sticky-sweet paintings of doe-eyed waifs that became the middlebrow rage in the late 1950s and 1960s, then kitschy collectibles of high-ironic style decades later."[33]

Personal life

Keane's first husband was Frank Richard Ulbrich, and they had a daughter together. In 1955, she married Walter Keane. In 1964, she left Walter and divorced him a year later, causing her relocation from San Francisco to Hawaii.

In Hawaii, Keane met Honolulu sports writer Dan McGuire and married him in 1970.[34] She credits McGuire for helping her to become less timid and afraid after her divorce from Walter.[23][35] Keane lived in Hawaii for more than 25 years before returning to California in 1991. She currently resides in Napa County, California, with her daughter Jane and son-in-law Don Swigert.[32][36] In 2017 at the age of 90, Keane began hospice care while still living in her home.[37] The additional care that she received through hospice allowed her to recover enough to allow her "to paint more and relax".[37] She is a Jehovah's Witness.[37]

Media portrayal
  • In 1973, Woody Allen's comedy Sleeper features people of the future, who consider Keane to be one of the greatest artists in history, although the people in the future depicted in the film attribute the paintings to Walter, not Margaret.
  • In the 1977 Steven Spielberg drama Close Encounters of the Third Kind, a Big Eyes print hangs over the Neary's piano.
  • In 1998, cartoon series The Powerpuff Girls by animator Craig McCracken debuts, featuring leads based on Keane's "waifs" and a character (specifically the leads' teacher) named "Ms. Keane".[38]
  • In 1999, Matthew Sweet's album In Reverse features one of Keane's oil paintings on its cover.[39]
  • In the 2014 biographical film Big Eyes, Margaret Keane and her ex-husband Walter are the main focus of the film. Margaret was portrayed by Amy Adams and Walter was played by Christoph Waltz.[40] The film was directed by Tim Burton.[30] Margaret Keane makes an appearance in the film, as an elderly lady sitting on a park bench, in the scene where Adams' and Waltz's characters are outside the Palace of Fine Arts. Margaret Keane turned down various offers for the film rights. After meetings with screenwriters Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski, she agreed to the film rights and approved the screenplays written by Alexander and Karaszewski. The film took 11 years from development to completion.[41]

References
  1. "Margaret Keane Biography". Biography.com. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  2. Dubin, Zan (July 2, 2000). "The Eyes of Margaret Keane". Los Angeles Times. p. 2. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  3. "About Keane Eyes Gallery". Keane Eyes Gallery. n.d. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  4. Bishop, Katherine (February 27, 1992). "For Waifs of Art, The Last Laugh". New York Times. p. C1, at C10. ProQuest 109039357.
  5. Gallo, Leah (2014). Big Eyes: The Film, the Art. London: Titan Books. p. 8. ISBN 9781783297184.
  6. Gallo 2014, p. 8.
  7. "Margaret Keane 1972 In Hawaii - The Mike Douglas Show". YouTube.
  8. "Margaret Keane, Painter Behind Tim Burton's 'Big Eyes' KQED Arts". YouTube.
  9. Gallo 2014, p. 10.
  10. Warner, Jennifer (2014). Big Eyes and All : the Unofficial Biography of Margaret Keane. n.p.: LifeCaps. p. 4.
  11. Graham, Vera (January 11, 1964). "The Keane Story". [San Mateo, Cal.] Times. p. 3 [Weekend Section]. Retrieved May 31, 2017 – via newspapers.com.
  12. Gallo 2014, p. 11.
  13. Graham, Vera (January 11, 1964). "The Keane Story". [San Mateo, Cal.] Times. p. 2 [Weekend Section]. Retrieved May 31, 2017 – via newspapers.com.
  14. "Margaret Keane Gets Divorce". Free Lance–Star. Fredericksburg, Va. March 19, 1965. p. 4. Retrieved May 31, 2017 – via Google News.
  15. UPI (October 15, 1970). "Wife Challenges Artist's Acclaim". [Ontario, Cal] Daily Report. p. 12. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
  16. Gallo 2014, p. 13.
  17. "Sausalito Bank Dedicates Wall To The Cause Of Art". Daily Independent Journal. San Rafael, Cal. January 19, 1957. p. 57. Retrieved June 1, 2017 – via newspapers.com.
  18. Wilcox, John (June 19, 1957). "Walter Keane, Artist: Crosses the Continent for the Show in the Square". The Village Voice. p. 3. Retrieved June 1, 2017 – via Google News.
  19. Spindler, Amy M (May 23, 1999). "Style; An Eye for an Eye". The New York Times.
  20. Canaday, John (February 21, 1964). "Art: World's Fair Pavilion Selects Theme Painting: Walter Keane Work in Education Hall Tomorrow Forever' Aims to Please". New York Times. p. 59.
  21. Ryzik, Melen (December 18, 2014). "The Artist Margaret Keane, Vindicated in Tim Burton's Film". The New York Times.
  22. "The lady behind those Keane-eyed kids". Life Magazine. November 20, 1970. Vol. 69, No. 21 - p. 56. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  23. "Tim Burton 'Big Eyes' Movie Tells The Story Of Art Couple Margaret and Walter Keane..." Huffington Post. April 4, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
  24. Kunen, James S. (23 June 1986). "Margaret Keane's Artful Case Proves That She—and Not Her Ex-Husband—made Waifs". People.
  25. "Keane left isles for California in 91". Honolulu Star Bulletin. August 6, 1997.
  26. "My Life as a Famous Artist," Awake!, July 8, 1975
  27. "Joan Crawford Awards, Art, and Other Personal Items". The Best of Everything: A Joan Crawford Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
  28. Bas, Borja (July 19, 2013). "El infierno de la artista que iluminó a Tim Burton" [The Artist Who Brightened Tim Burton Lived Through Hell]. El País. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
  29. “The big-eyed children: the extraordinary story of an epic art fraud”, “The Guardian," October 26, 2014, Retrieved 2014-10-28.
  30. Margaret Keane; Walter Stanley Keane; Richard Nolan (1962). Margaret and Walter Keane. Tomorrow's masters series. Prescolite. p. 12.
  31. Jesse Hamlin (December 14, 2014). "Artist Margaret Keane hasn't lost wide-eyed enthusiasm for work". SF Chronicle.
  32. Hornaday, Ann (December 26, 2014). "The Mysterious Margaret Keane". The Washington Post. p. EZ 26. Retrieved April 19, 2017 – via ProQuest.
  33. "Big Eyes and All: The Unofficial Biography of Margaret Keane," page 27
  34. "MARGARET KEANE - 1972 - ShirleyTemple & Mike Douglas - BIG EYES". YouTube.
  35. Huffman, Jennifer (September 29, 2018). "Margaret Keane: the Napan behind the 'Big Eyes' paintings". Napa Valley Register.
  36. Huffman, Jennifer (September 29, 2018). "Hospice care: helping a Napa family cope with medical challenges". Napa Valley Register.
  37. "The Critical eye". 5x5media.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
  38. Stratton, Jeff (February 2, 2000). "Matthew Sweet".
  39. "Harvey Weinstein Praises 'Big Eyes' Screenwriters-Producers at Film's Premiere". Variety.
  40. "Amy Adams and Margaret Keane tell Big Eyes Movie Story". YouTube.
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