Marbled crayfish

The marbled crayfish or Marmorkrebs, is a parthenogenetic crayfish that was discovered in the pet trade in Germany in the 1990s.[5] Marbled crayfish are closely related to the "slough crayfish", Procambarus fallax,[4] which is widely distributed across Florida.[6] No natural populations of marbled crayfish are known. Information provided by one of the original pet traders as to where the marbled crayfish originated was deemed "totally confusing and unreliable".[7] The informal name Marmorkrebs is German for "marbled crayfish".

Marbled crayfish
Adult marmorkrebs
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Crustacea
Class:
Malacostraca
Order:
Decapoda
Family:
Cambaridae
Genus:
Procambarus
Species:
P. virginalis

Lyko, 2017[1]
Countries where the Marmorkrebs has been found in the wild. It has also been found in Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Madagascar, and Taiwan.[2][3]
Synonyms

Procambarus fallax forma virginalis[4]

Model organism

Marbled crayfish are the only known decapod crustaceans to reproduce only by parthenogenesis.[5] All individuals are female, and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.[8][9] Marbled crayfish are triploid animals[8][10] with 276 chromosomes,[11] which may be the main reason for their parthenogenetic reproduction. It is hypothesized that marbled crayfish originated from an error in meiosis resulting in a diploid gamete, which was then fertilized and created a viable triploid individual in a single generation.[8][12] Marbled crayfish are thus a model for the rapid generation of species.[8] Unlike other parthenogenetic organisms, the marbled crayfish is a relatively young species.[11]

Because marbled crayfish are genetically identical, easy to care for,[13] and reproduce at high rates, they are a potential model organism, particularly for studying development.[14] A major drawback, however, is the long generation time (several months) compared to other research organisms.[15]

The marbled crayfish genome was sequenced in 2018, which provides an essential foundation for further research.[12]

Invasive species

Marbled crayfish have caused concern as a potential invasive species[5] because only a single individual is needed to establish a new population, and they can reproduce at high rates. Marbled crayfish are also a known carrier of a crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci.[16] Marbled crayfish inhabit freshwater environments, and have not successfully invaded ecosystems with higher salinity levels due to their reduced ability to reproduce and grow. [17] However, it has been proven that they can adjust to increasing saline environments, which may allow for their further expansion.[17]

They have since been introduced into natural ecosystems on four continents. They have been found in the wild in the following countries:

While initial reports of marbled crayfish in the wild in Europe consisted of only single individuals,[24] the number of European countries reporting populations of marbled crayfish is rising.[38]

The Madagascar population has grown rapidly[30][12] and is estimated to be in the millions, with their geographical distribution having increased 100-fold from 2007-2017,[11] causing concern among local authorities.[39]

Regulation

Marbled crayfish are one of the most widely distributed species of crayfish in the international pet trade[40][41][42] and release from aquariums has likely been the main source of unwanted introductions. Concerns about the potential damage from their introduction have prompted several jurisdictions to regulate ownership of marbled crayfish.

The European Union instituted "a total ban on the possession, trade, transport, production and release of these species [including the marbled crayfish] in the wild" in 2016.[43][44][45][46]

Japan banned most North American crayfish species, including marbled crayfish, in 2020.[47]

Marbled crayfish are prohibited in the American states of Idaho,[48] Missouri,[49] Tennessee,[50][51] and Michigan,[52][53] Maryland,[54] and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.[55]

References
  1. Lyko, Frank (2017). "The marbled crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) represents an independent new species". Zootaxa. 4363 (4): 544–552. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4363.4.6. PMID 29245391.
  2. Pârvulescu, Lucian; Togor, Andrei; Lele, Sandra-Florina; Scheu, Sebastian; Șinca, Daniel; Panteleit, Jörn (2017). "First established population of marbled crayfish Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis (Decapoda, Cambaridae) in Romania" (PDF). BioInvasions Records. 6 (4): 357–362. doi:10.3391/bir.2017.6.4.09. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
  3. D. M. Holdich & M. Pöckl (2007). "Invasive crustaceans in European inland waters". In Francesca Gherardi (ed.). Biological Invaders in Inland Waters: Profiles, Distribution, and Threats. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 29–75. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6029-8_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-6029-8.
  4. Peer Martin; Nathan J. Dorn; Tadashi Kawai; Craig van der Heiden; Gerhard Scholtz (2010). "The enigmatic Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) is the parthenogenetic form of Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870)". Contributions to Zoology. 79 (3): 107–118. doi:10.1163/18759866-07903003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
  5. Gerhard Scholtz; Anke Braband; Laura Tolley; André Reimann; Beate Mittmann; Chris Lukhaup; Frank Steuerwald; Günter Vogt (2003). "Parthenogenesis in an outsider crayfish". Nature. 421 (6925): 806. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..806S. doi:10.1038/421806a. PMID 12594502.
  6. Horton H. Hobbs Jr. (1942). "The crayfishes of Florida". University of Florida Publication: Biological Series. 3 (2): 1–179.
  7. Günter Vogt, Laura Tolley & Gerhard Scholtz (2004). "Life stages and reproductive components of the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish), the first parthenogenetic decapod crustacean". Journal of Morphology. 261 (3): 286–311. doi:10.1002/jmor.10250. PMID 15281058.
  8. Vogt, Günter; Falckenhayn, Cassandra; Schrimpf, Anne; Schmid, Katharina; Hanna, Katharina; Panteleit, Jörn; Helm, Mark; Schulz, Ralf; Lyko, Frank (2015). "The marbled crayfish as a paradigm for saltational speciation by autopolyploidy and parthenogenesis in animals". Biology Open. 4 (11): 1583–1594. doi:10.1242/bio.014241. PMC 4728364. PMID 26519519.
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  11. Gutekunst, Julian; Andriantsoa, Ranja; Falckenhayn, Cassandra; Hanna, Katharina; Stein, Wolfgang; Rasamy, Jeanne; Lyko, Frank (March 2018). "Clonal genome evolution and rapid invasive spread of the marbled crayfish". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 567–573. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0467-9. ISSN 2397-334X.
  12. Gutekunst, Julian; Andriantsoa, Ranja; Falckenhayn, Cassandra; Hanna, Katharina; Stein, Wolfgang; Rasamy, Jeanne; Lyko, Frank (2018-02-05). "Clonal genome evolution and rapid invasive spread of the marbled crayfish". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 567–573. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0467-9. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 29403072.
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