Mangifera odorata

Mangifera odorata (commonly known as kwini,[3] kweni, kuweni, kuwini, or Saipan mango[2]) is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae.[1] It is commonly found along coastal towns or travel routes in Southeast Asia.[4] "Also found in Peninsular Thailand, South Sulawesi and in Philippines on South coast of Mindanao, in Sulu Archipelago and neighboring islands".[4] "It is a well known fruit tree commonly cultivated in villages throughout Southeast Asia".[5]

Mangifera odorata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Mangifera
Species:
M. odorata
Binomial name
Mangifera odorata

M. odorata has a skin that is yellow to green in colour.[4] The flesh of the fruit has an orange to yellow colour and is sour or sweet when eaten.[4] The fruits are round in shape and have a smooth skin that range from yellow-green.[4][6] The flesh of the fruit has an orange to yellow colour and is sour or sweet when eaten.[4] The tree flowers have a pleasant fragrance.[4][6]The fruits are round or oblong in shape and have a skin that ranges from yellow-green.[4][6]

Description
Mangifera odorata, fruiting tree (Djatmiko, 2007)[7]

Morphology

Mangifera odorata is a fruit plant that grows approximately 10-15 m in height, hardly ever growing past 20 m.[4] The crown has a wide round shape.[4] The trunk stands in an upright straight position that appears to have a grayish colour "containing and irritant sap".[4] Leaf morphology is "oblong-lance shaped" that has a "non-wavy edge".[4] Veins are also noticeable on the leaf.[4]

The plant has flowers are approximately 6 mm wide, emit a pleasant scent as well as appear to be yellowish-green in colour.[4] The rachis has a reddish-brown colour.[4] Petals are lance-shaped and at the base have a yellowish colour but turn dark red later on.[4] The apex or tip of the petal is pale pink in colour.[4] The sepals which appear to be brown-red or partly green in colour look oval shaped and are roughly 3-4 mm long.[4] Within the flower, there is 1 fertile stamen that serve in reproduction and is about 5 mm in length.[4] The staminodes which are approximately 1.5-2 mm long.[4] Another reproductive organ called the ovary is round in shape, yellowish to dark red and about 3-5 mm in length.[4] The pollen is "elliptic and tapering towards poles"[6]

Mangifera odorata from Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Djatmiko, 2008)[8]

The fruit has a yellow to green skin colour.[4][6] When it is ripe the skin turns green.[6] The flesh is orange to yellow and can taste sweet or source when consumed.[4] The seed inside is both flat in shape with a hairy/fibrous surface.[4]

Origin and Distribution

Mangifera odorata exact origins are unknown.[4][9] However, the species represents a hybrid between Mangifera indica known as the Indian mango and Mangifera foetida which is known as the horse mango.[4][5][10] M.odorata is native to tropical Asia and can be found in areas such as Philippines, Peninsular Thailand, South Sulawesi, Sulu Archipelago and other close islands".[4] "In Southeast Asia it is an introduced species".[5]

Habitat

Mangifera odorata thrive to grow in tropical wet climates which have both heavy and moderate rainfall.[4] However, they are unable to survive and grow in places that have continuous dry climates.[4] M. odorata is common in cultivation but is not normally grown in the wild.[4]

Pests

Mangifera odorata is known to be a major host of Bactrocera dorsalis, Ciripestis eutraphera, Coptotermes, Coptotermes cuvignathus, Cryptorhynchus frigidus, Deanolis albizonalis, Marasmiellus scandens and Marasmius crinis-equi.[11]

Food/Nutrition

M.odorata is a fruit which can be consumed.[9] While it can be consumed in its raw form, the fruit is usually made or incorporated into something else such as chutneys.[5] M. odorata fruit pulp is also a good source of nutrition.[12] When M.odorata has not reached maturity, its pulp is a good source for "dietary fibre, vitamin C, vitamin E".[12] The mature pulp is good to eat because of "protein, ash, fat, soluble carbohydrate and B vitamin".[12] The fruit's seed kernel is "rich in fat, protein, carbohydrate, and ash".[13] The peel or skin is a great source of "fibre, minerals, β-Carotene and ascorbic acid".[13]

Conservation Status

They are considered to be data deficient and are not label as endangered, threatened, extinct etc.[1] Although, their genetic material is stored in germplasm repositories where it may be used for future cultivar and research uses.[9]






Reference
  1. "Mangifera odorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T31401A9630399. 1998. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T31401A9630399.en.
  2. "Mangifera odorata". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  3. "Mangifera odorata". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  4. Bompard, JM (1991). Mangifera odorata Griffith. Wagenigen, Netherlands: Verheij EWM, Coronel RE, editors. pp. 218–220.
  5. Teo, L. L.; Kiew, R.; Set, O.; Lee, S. K.; Gan, Y. Y. (2002). "Hybrid status of kuwini, Mangifera odorata Griff. (Anacardiaceae) verified by amplified fragment length polymorphism". Molecular Ecology. 11 (8): 1465–1469. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01550.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 12144666.
  6. Sankaran, M.; Dinesh, M. R.; Chaitra, N.; Ravishankar, K. V. (2018). "Morphological, Cytological, Palynological and Molecular Characterization of Certain Mangifera Species" (PDF). Current Science. 115 (7): 1379–1384. doi:10.18520/cs/v115/i7/1379-1386. ISSN 0011-3891.
  7. Djatmiko, W. A. (2007-12-28), Mangifera odorata, fruiting tree. Pandeglang, Banten (west Java), Indonesia, retrieved 2020-04-10
  8. Djatmiko, W. A. (2008-01-30), Mangifera odorata from Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, retrieved 2020-04-10
  9. Knight, Robert J.; Schnell, Raymond J. (1994). "Mango Introduction in Florida and the 'Haden' Cultivar's Significance to the Modern Industry". Economic Botany. 48 (2): 139–145. doi:10.1007/BF02908201. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 4255600.
  10. Yonemori, K.; Honsho, C.; Kanzaki, S.; Eiadthong, W.; Sugiura, A. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships of Mangifera species revealed by ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA and a possibility of their hybrid origin". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 231 (1/4): 59–72. doi:10.1007/s006060200011. ISSN 0378-2697. JSTOR 23644347.
  11. "Mangifera odorata (kurwini mango)". 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
  12. Gámez, Ignacio Barbosa; Montoya, Karla P. Caballero; Ledesma, Noris; Ayerdi, Sonia G. Sáyago; Magaña, María de Lourdes García; Wettberg, Eric J. Bishop von; Montalvo‐González, Efigenia (2017). "Changes in the nutritional quality of five Mangifera species harvested at two maturity stages". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 97 (14): 4987–4994. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8377. ISSN 1097-0010. PMID 28406526.
  13. Lasano, Nur Fatimah; Hamid, Azizah Haji; Karim, Roselina; Dek, Mohd Sabri Pak; Shukri, Radhiah; Shazini Ramli, Nurul (2019). "Nutritional Composition, Anti-Diabetic Properties and Identification of Active Compounds Using UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS in Mangifera odorata L. Peel and Seed Kernel". Molecules. 24 (2): 320. doi:10.3390/molecules24020320. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6359265. PMID 30654598.

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