Management information system

A Management Information System (MIS) is an information system[1] used for decision-making, and for the coordination, control, analysis, and visualization of information in an organization.

The study of the management information systems involves people, processes and technology in an organizational context.[2][3]

In a corporate setting, the ultimate goal of the use of a management information system is to increase the value and profits of the business.[4] This is done by providing managers with timely and appropriate information allowing them to make effective decisions within a shorter period of time. [5]

History

While it can be contested that the history of management information systems date as far back as companies using ledgers to keep track of accounting, the modern history of MIS can be divided into five eras originally identified by Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane Laudon in their seminal textbook Management Information Systems.[6][7]

The first era (mainframe and minicomputer computing) was ruled by IBM and their mainframe computers for which they supplied both the hardware and software. These computers would often take up whole rooms and require teams to run them. As technology advanced, these computers were able to handle greater capacities and therefore reduce their cost. Smaller, more affordable minicomputers allowed larger businesses to run their own computing centers in-house / on-site / on-premises.

The second era (personal computers) began in 1965 as microprocessors started to compete with mainframes and minicomputers and accelerated the process of decentralizing computing power from large data centers to smaller offices. In the late 1970s, minicomputer technology gave way to personal computers and relatively low-cost computers were becoming mass market commodities, allowing businesses to provide their employees access to computing power that ten years before would have cost tens of thousands of dollars. This proliferation of computers created a ready market for interconnecting networks and the popularization of the Internet. (The first microprocessor — a four-bit device intended for a programmable calculator — was introduced in 1971 and microprocessor-based systems were not readily available for several years. The MITS Altair 8800 was the first commonly known microprocessor-based system, followed closely by the Apple I and II. It is arguable that the microprocessor-based system did not make significant inroads into minicomputer use until 1979, when VisiCalc prompted record sales of the Apple II on which it ran. The IBM PC introduced in 1981 was more broadly palatable to business, but its limitations gated its ability to challenge minicomputer systems until perhaps the late 1980s to early 1990s.)

The third era (client/server networks) arose as technological complexity increased, costs decreased, and the end-user (now the ordinary employee) required a system to share information with other employees within an enterprise. Computers on a common network shared information on a server. This lets thousands and even millions of people access data simultaneously on networks referred to as Intranets.

The fourth era (enterprise computing) enabled by high speed networks, consolidated the original department specific software applications into integrated software platforms referred to as enterprise software. This new platform tied all aspects of the business enterprise together offering rich information access encompassing the complete management structure.

Technology

The terms management information systems (MIS), information management systems (IMS), information system (IS) , enterprise resource planning (ERP), computer science, electrical computer engineering, and information technology management (IT) are often confused. MIS is a hierarchical subset of information systems. MIS are more organization-focused narrowing in on leveraging information technology to increase business value. Computer science is more software-focused dealing with the applications that may be used in MIS.[8] Electrical computer engineering is product-focused mainly dealing with the architecture behind computer systemsERP software is a subset of MIS and IT management refers to the technical management of an IT department which may include MIS. Principles of Management Information Systems

A career in MIS focuses on understanding and projecting the practical use of management information systems. It studies the interaction, organization and processes among technology, people and information to solve problems.[9]

Management

While management information systems can be used by any and every level of management, the decision of which systems to implement generally falls upon the chief information officers (CIO) and chief technology officers (CTO). These officers are generally responsible for the overall technology strategy of an organization including evaluating how new technology can help their organization. They act as decision makers in the implementation process of new MIS.

Once decisions have been made, IT directors, including MIS directors, are in charge of the technical implementation of the system. They are also in charge of implementing the policies affecting the MIS (either new specific policies passed down by the CIOs or CTOs or policies that align the new systems with the organizations overall IT policy). It is also their role to ensure the availability of data and network services as well as the security of the data involved by coordinating IT activities.

Upon implementation, the assigned users will have the appropriate access to relevant information. It is important to note that not everyone inputting data into MIS need necessarily be management level. It is common practice to have inputs to MIS be inputted by non-managerial employees though they rarely have access to the reports and decision support platforms offered by these systems.

Types

The following are types of information systems used to create reports, extract data, and assist in the decision making processes of middle and operational level managers.

Advantages and disadvantages

The following are some of the benefits that can be attained using MIS:[11]

  • Improve an organization's operational efficiency, add value to existing products, engender innovation and new product development, and help managers make better decisions.[12]
  • Companies are able to identify their strengths and weaknesses due to the presence of revenue reports, employee performance records etc. Identifying these aspects can help a company improve its business processes and operations.
  • Giving an overall picture of the company.
  • Acting as a communication and planning tool.
  • The availability of customer data and feedback can help the company to align its business processes according to the needs of its customers. The effective management of customer data can help the company to perform direct marketing and promotion activities.
  • MIS can help a company gain a competitive advantage.
  • MIS reports can help with decision-making as well as reduce downtime for actionable items.

Some of the disadvantages of MIS systems:

  • Retrieval and dissemination are dependent on technology hardware and software.
  • Potential for inaccurate information.

Enterprise applications
  • Enterprise systems—also known as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems—provide integrated software modules and a unified database that personnel use to plan, manage, and control core business processes across multiple locations. Modules of ERP systems may include finance, accounting, marketing, human resources, production, inventory management, and distribution.[13]
  • Supply chain management (SCM) systems enable more efficient management of the supply chain by integrating the links in a supply chain. This may include suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and final customers.[14]
  • Customer relationship management (CRM) systems help businesses manage relationships with potential and current customers and business partners across marketing, sales, and service.[15]
  • Knowledge management system (KMS) helps organizations facilitate the collection, recording, organization, retrieval, and dissemination of knowledge. This may include documents, accounting records, unrecorded procedures, practices, and skills. Knowledge management (KM) as a system covers the process of knowledge creation and acquisition from internal processes and the external world. The collected knowledge is incorporated in organizational policies and procedures, and then disseminated to the stakeholders.[16]

See also

References
  1. Bourgeois, David T. (2014). Information Systems for Business and Beyond. The Saylo Academy. p. 5.
  2. "What is Management Information Systems?". Mays Business School. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015.
  3. "Leveraging People Processes and Technology". Saunders College of Business, Rochester Institute of Technology. 2017-04-28.
  4. "Management Information Systems". umassd.edu. University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
  5. Lucey, Terry; Lucey, Terence (2004). Management Information Systems. Cengage Learning EMEA. ISBN 978-1-84480-126-8.
  6. Laudon, Kenneth C.; Laudon, Jane P. (2009). Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm (11 ed.). Prentice Hall/CourseSmart. p. 164.
  7. Boykin, George (2017-09-26). "The History of Management Information Systems". bizfluent. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
  8. The University of Arizona (2014-08-04). "What is MIS?". Retrieved 2018-04-26.
  9. "Management Information Systems Aka MIS: A Versatile Degree in a Growing Field". JSOM Perspectives. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
  10. Bidgoli, Hossein, (2004). The Internet Encyclopedia, Volume 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 707.
  11. (1995), Strategic Information Systems Planning: A Review, Information Resources Management Association International Conference, May 21–24, Atlanta.
  12. "Delivering Business Analytics and Technology Solutions". Saunders College of Business, Rochester Institute of Technology. 2017-04-28.
  13. Costa, A; Ferreira, C.; Bento, E.; Aparicio, F. (2016). "Enterprise resource planning adoption and satisfaction determinants". Computers in Human Behavior. 63: 659–671. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.090. hdl:10071/12282.
  14. Taylor, Victoria. "Supply Chain Management: The Next Big Thing?". Sept. 12, 2011. Business Week. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  15. Lynn, Samara. "What is CRM?". PC Mag. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  16. Joshi, Girdhar (2013). Management Information Systems. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 328. ISBN 9780198080992.
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