Macrolepiota albuminosa

Macrolepiota albuminosa, or termite mushroom, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Agaricaceae that is an obligate symbiont of termites. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) of the fungus are edible.[3] It is found growing from termitaria in grassy fields, on hillsides, and in forest borders in China,[4] Vietnam, India and elsewhere.

Macrolepiota albuminosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Subclass: Agaricomycetidae
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Macrolepiota
Species:
M. albuminosa
Binomial name
Macrolepiota albuminosa
(Berk.) Pegler (1972)
Synonyms[1]
  • Agaricus albuminosus Berk. (1847)
  • Lepiota albuminosa (Berk.) Sacc. (1887)
  • Collybia albuminosa (Berk.) Petch (1912)
  • Gymnopus albuminosus (Berk.) Overeem (1927)
  • Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk.) R.Heim (1941)[2]

Taxonomy

First described scientifically as Agaricus albuminosus by the English mycologist Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1847, it was transferred to the genus Termitomyces in 1941 by the French botanist Roger Heim and in 1972, to the genus Macrolepiota by the British mycologist David Pegler.[5] It appears in the scientific literature under all these names.

Description

The fruiting body of Macrolepiota albuminosa is produced on a stalk up to 25 cm (10 in) long which is swollen near the base. Remnants of the veil form a ring near the top of the stem. The cap is conical at first, becoming umbonate (with a knobby protrusion at the centre) as it opens out and flattening with age, sometimes splitting at the edges. The skin of the cap peels readily. The cap is whitish or pale tan, with a darker centre, the gills are white and the stem is white. The spore print is deep pink.

Ecology

Macrolepiota albuminosa is the fungus used by the termite species Odontotermes obesus in fungus gardens (also called combs) situated in their underground nests.[6] The termites collect and chew up dead wood, leaf litter and other vegetable debris, depositing their faeces in the fungus garden situated in a central chamber of their nest. The hyphae of the fungus grow through the comb and the termites feed on the fungal threads. Periodically the fungus sends hyphae to the surface of the ground where mushroom-like fruiting bodies are formed.[6][7] It is probable that the fungus is introduced into a newly-established termite colony through the activities of the termites collecting spores from the environment.[8] This fungus is edible and is collected from the wild in northern India in September, about a month later than the rather similar, but smaller Macrolepiota heimii.

Uses

This fungus grows in China in the provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangdong. It is described as being "fleshy, fat, fine silky white, crisp and refreshing, fresh and delicious, and rich in nutrients". It is also used in traditional medicine for various purposes including enhancing the immune system, nourishing the blood and preventing bowel cancer. Attempts are being made to culture it in the laboratory under different conditions of temperature, pH, and different sources of carbon and nitrogen to discover its optimal requirements.[9]

References
  1. "Macrolepiota albuminosa (Berk.) Pegler, Kew Bull. 27(1): 189 (1972)". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
  2. Heim R. (1941). "Études descriptives et expérimentales sur les agarics termitophiles d'Afriquetropicale". Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences de l'Institut de France (in French). 64: 1–74.
  3. Boa E. (2004). Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People (Non-Wood Forest Products). Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN. p. 115. ISBN 92-5-105157-7.
  4. Hu S-Y. (2005). Food Plants of China. Chinese University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-962-996-229-6.
  5. Pegler D. (1972). "A revision of the genus Lepiota from Ceylon". Kew Bulletin. 27 (1): 155–202 (see p. 189). doi:10.2307/4117880. JSTOR 4117880.
  6. Batra, S.W.T. (1975). "Termites (Isoptera) Eat and Manipulate Symbiotic Fungi". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 48 (1): 89–92. JSTOR 25082718.
  7. Luisa, Bozzano G. (2012). Insect-Fungus Interactions. Academic Press. pp. 71–76. ISBN 978-0-08-098453-7.
  8. Aanen, Duur K.; Eggleton, Paul; Rouland-Lefèvre, Corinne; Guldberg-Frøslev, Tobias; Rosendahl, Søren; Boomsma, Jacobus J. (2002). "The evolution of fungus-growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 99 (23): 14887–14892. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9914887A. doi:10.1073/pnas.222313099. PMC 137514. PMID 12386341.
  9. Mingfu Gong; Qinlan Guan (2019). "Growth conditions of Termitomyces albuminosus". AIP Conference Proceedings. 2079 (1): 020021. Bibcode:2019AIPC.2079b0021G. doi:10.1063/1.5092399.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.