Lycodes

Lycodes is a genus of zoarcid fish in the subfamily Lycodinae.[1][2] It is the most species-rich genus in its taxonomic family as well as in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent waters. They occupy both shallow waters and deeper waters down to 3000 meters. A few species can occur in brackish waters.[3]

Lycodes
Lycodes turneri
Lycodes vahlii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Perciformes
Family:
Zoarcidae
Subfamily:
Lycodinae
Genus:
Lycodes

Description

The genus is characterized by one autapomorphy: submental crests, the more or less pronounced cartilage extensions on the lower jaws. Within the genus, one clade has been identified, the "short-tailed" Lycodes that are associated with shallower depths (0–1200 m) than the long-tailed species (3–3000 m). Short tail might represent an adaptation to shallow, Arctic waters; the clade includes many Arctic endemics. In contrast, the long-tailed species do not form a monophyletic group. Coloration of all short-tailed Lycodes includes some sorts of stripes, marks, or reticulations, while the long-tailed species are uniformly brownish, striped, or spotted.[3]

Ecology

Lycodes are bottom-dwelling fish with a relatively stationary life style. The eggs are benthic, few in number (<2000) and large in size (as large as 10 mm (0.4 in)).[3]

Species
Saddled eelpout

Currently, 64 species are placed in this genus:[2]

  • Lycodes adolfi J. G. Nielsen & Fosså, 1993 (Adolf's eelpout)
  • Lycodes akuugun D. E. Stevenson & J. W. Orr, 2006
  • Lycodes albolineatus Andriashev, 1955 (whitebar eelpout)
  • Lycodes albonotatus (Taranetz & Andriashev, 1934)
  • Lycodes bathybius P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
  • Lycodes beringi Andriashev, 1935 (Bering eelpout)
  • Lycodes brevipes T. H. Bean, 1890 (shortfin eelpout)
  • Lycodes brunneofasciatus Suvorov, 1935 (tawnystripe eelpout)
  • Lycodes caudimaculatus Matsubara, 1936
  • Lycodes concolor T. N. Gill & Townsend, 1897 (ebony eelpout)
  • Lycodes cortezianus (C. H. Gilbert, 1890) (bigfin eelpout)
  • Lycodes diapterus C. H. Gilbert, 1892 (black eelpout)
  • Lycodes esmarkii Collett, 1875 (greater eelpout)
  • Lycodes eudipleurostictus A. S. Jensen, 1902 (doubleline eelpout)
  • Lycodes fasciatus (P. Y. Schmidt, 1904) (banded eelpout)
  • Lycodes frigidus Collett, 1879 (glacial eelpout)
  • Lycodes fulvus Toyoshima, 1985
  • Lycodes gracilis M. Sars, 1867
  • Lycodes heinemanni Soldatov, 1916
  • Lycodes hubbsi Matsubara, 1955
  • Lycodes japonicus Matsubara & Iwai, 1951
  • Lycodes jenseni Taranetz & Andriashev, 1935
  • Lycodes jugoricus Knipowitsch, 1906 (Shulupaoluk)
  • Lycodes lavalaei Vladykov & Tremblay, 1936 (Newfoundland eelpout)
  • Lycodes luetkenii Collett, 1880 (Lütken's eelpout)
  • Lycodes macrochir P. Y. Schmidt, 1937
  • Lycodes macrolepis Taranetz & Andriashev, 1935
  • Lycodes marisalbi Knipowitsch, 1906 (white sea eelpout)
  • Lycodes matsubarai Toyoshima, 1985
  • Lycodes mcallisteri Peter Rask Møller, 2001 (McAllister's eelpout)
  • Lycodes microlepidotus P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
  • Lycodes microporus Toyoshima, 1983
  • Lycodes mucosus J. Richardson, 1855 (saddled eelpout)
  • Lycodes nakamurae (S. Tanaka (I), 1914) [4]
  • Lycodes nishimurai Shinohara & Shirai, 2005
  • Lycodes obscurus Toyoshima, 1985
  • Lycodes ocellatus Toyoshima, 1985
  • Lycodes paamiuti Møller, 2001 (Paamiut eelpout)
  • Lycodes pacificus Collett, 1879 (blackbelly eelpout)
  • Lycodes palearis C. H. Gilbert, 1896 (wattled eelpout)
  • Lycodes pallidus Collett, 1879 (pale eelpout)
  • Lycodes paucilepidotus Toyoshima, 1985
  • Lycodes pectoralis Toyoshima, 1985
  • Lycodes polaris (E. Sabine, 1824) (Canadian eelpout)
  • Lycodes raridens Taranetz & Andriashev, 1937 (marbled eelpout)
  • Lycodes reticulatus J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1835 (Arctic eelpout)
  • Lycodes rossi Malmgren, 1865 (threespot eelpout)
  • Lycodes sadoensis Toyoshima & Honma, 1980
  • Lycodes sagittarius D. E. McAllister, 1976 (archer eelpout)
  • Lycodes schmidti Gratzianov, 1907
  • Lycodes semenovi (Popov, 1931)
  • Lycodes seminudus J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1837 (longear eelpout)
  • Lycodes sigmatoides Lindberg & Krasyukova, 1975
  • Lycodes soldatovi Taranetz & Andriashev, 1935
  • Lycodes squamiventer A. S. Jensen, 1904 (scalebelly eelpout)
  • Lycodes tanakae D. S. Jordan & W. F. Thompson, 1914
  • Lycodes teraoi Katayama, 1943
  • Lycodes terraenovae Collett, 1896
  • Lycodes toyamensis (Katayama, 1941)
  • Lycodes turneri T. H. Bean, 1879 (polar eelpout)
  • Lycodes uschakovi Popov, 1931
  • Lycodes vahlii J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1831 (Vahl's eelpout)
  • Lycodes yamatoi Toyoshima, 1985
  • Lycodes ygreknotatus P. Y. Schmidt, 1950

References
  1. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Lycodes". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  2. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2018). Species of Lycodes in FishBase. June 2018 version.
  3. Møller, Peter R. & Gravlund, Peter (2003). "Phylogeny of the eelpout genus Lycodes (Pisces, Zoarcidae) as inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rDNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 26 (3): 369–388. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00362-7. PMID 12644398.
  4. Saveliev, Pavel A.; Balanov, Andrey A. & Kukhlevskii, Andrey D. (2014). "On the colour types in Lycodes nakamurae (Tanaka, 1914) and species composition of the subgenus Furcimanus (Perciformes: Zoarcidae: Lycodes) in the Sea of Japan". Zootaxa. 3811 (3811): 119–128. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3811.1.7. PMID 24943152.
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