Louis Harry Newburgh

Louis Harry Newburgh (June 17, 1883  – July 17, 1956) was an American physician and medical educator. He spent most of his career teaching and researching at the University of Michigan. Newburgh was involved in many early experiments and discoveries with obesity and renal diseases. He made significant contributions to the field with his level of meticulousness and detail to the scientific method.[1]

Portrait Photo of Louis Harry Newburgh
Louis Harry Newburgh
BornJune 17, 1883
Cincinnati, Ohio
DiedJuly 17, 1956
Spouse(s)Irene Haskell

Early Life & Education

Newburgh was born on June 17, 1883, in Cincinnati, Ohio. His father had desires to become a doctor but became a local businessman in the tobacco industry to support his family. Louis Newburgh attended Harvard in 1901 and received his BA and then his MD from Harvard Medical School in 1908. He studied abroad in Vienna in Hans Eppinger's clinics to return and start his career in clinical investigations. In Boston, he published papers and began his journey into dietetics.[2]

After Boston, in 1916, he accepted a full-time position as Assistant Professor at Internal Medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School.[3]

Medical & Professional Career

In 1918, Dr. Newburgh was promoted to Associate Professor and then Clinical Investigation Professor in 1922. During this time, Newburg started to develop an interest in the renal system, diet, and how fluids and electrolytes work in the body.[4] He also had a great interest in the treatment of Type I Diabetes before the use of insulin. Prior to Newburgh, starvation was one of the treatments. Newburgh found that a diet made up of mostly fat intake helped individuals regain a degree of normalcy. The diet was called “The Newburgh Four.”[5] The diet soon became obsolete due to the discovery and use of insulin.[6] However, Newburgh also made significant discoveries in finding those obese patients with a different type of diabetes (Type 2 diabetes) had a reversal of their glucose intolerance using an energy-restricted and measured diet.

“Frederick M. Allen of Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, never fully accepted the distinction between the two types of Diabetic patients. It is difficult to be certain that Newburgh was the “first” to identify the distinction.”[7]

Newburgh also took part in the early testing of high protein diets and their effects on renal function.[8][9]

Some of Newburgh’s greatest contributions were in the area of heat loss and energy measurement. Dr. Newburgh was unique in his attention to detail, specifically regarding fluid loss in investigated subjects.[10]These measurements and details lead to a greater understanding of energy use in humans. He contributed to theories and solutions on topics ranging from obesity to nephritis and diabetes using chambers or meticulous collections of fluids lost from individuals. Some of his conclusions and experiments are still important today to solve and understand these science curiosities.[11][12]

Awards & Recognition

During World War II, Newburgh participated in the testing and creation of clothing for serving military men. Due to his research in body heat and energy conservation, he contributed to solutions and ideas that helped keep men safe from hypothermia in the water.[13] He also helped determine general daily wear and what would contribute to clothing protection and breathability. For his work to the country, he was awarded the Certificate of Merit.[14]

Due to the important role Newburgh played in diabetes research and contributions to many nutrition and medical journals, Newburgh received the Banting Medal posthumous in 1956.[15]

Personal Life

Louis Harry Newburgh married Irene Haskell in 1912. During their marriage, they had two sons— Henry, born in 1915, and then son John David who was born in 1920. Henry became an Electrical Engineer. John David was an exceptional math and science student who sadly had repeated health bouts with Ulcerative Colitis and eventually passed in 1953. The death of his son greatly affected Newburgh, and he died a few years later, in 1956.[14]

Newburgh also loved horticulture and spent much time with his family and friends maintaining or socializing in his gardens.[16]

References
  1. Harvey, A.McGehee (April 1981). "Louis Harry Newburgh: Compleat clinical investigator with a passion for measurement". The American Journal of Medicine. 70 (4): 759–761. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(81)90529-5. PMID 7011022.
  2. Davenport, Horace Willard (1999). Not Just Any Medical School: The Science, Practice, and Teaching of Medicine at the University of Michigan, 1850-1941. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11076-6.
  3. Howell, Joel D. (1993). Medical Lives and Scientific Medicine at Michigan, 1891-1969. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10465-9.
  4. Newburgh, L. H; Leaf, Alexander (1950). Significance of the body fluids in clinical medicine. C.C. Thomas. OCLC 3160337.
  5. Newburgh, L. H.; Marsh, Phil L. (1 June 1921). "The use of a high fat diet in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: second paper: blood sugar". Archives of Internal Medicine. 27 (6): 699–705. doi:10.1001/archinte.1921.00100120070005.
  6. Vecchio, Ignazio; Tornali, Cristina; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Martini, Mariano (23 October 2018). "The Discovery of Insulin: An Important Milestone in the History of Medicine". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 9: 613. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00613. PMC 6205949. PMID 30405529.
  7. Howell, Joel D. (1993). Medical Lives and Scientific Medicine at Michigan, 1891-1969. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10465-9.
  8. Newburgh, L. H.; Falcon-lesses, M.; Johnston, Margaret W. (1930). "The Nephropathic Effect in Man of a Diet High in Beef Muscle and Liver". American Journal of Medical Sciences. 179 (3): 305–310. doi:10.1097/00000441-193003000-00001. S2CID 72241945.
  9. Newburgh, L. H.; Johnston, Margaret Woodwell (April 1931). "High Nitrogen Diets and Renal Injury". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 10 (1): 153–160. doi:10.1172/JCI100336. PMC 435741. PMID 16693965.
  10. Newburgh, L. H; Johnston, Margaret Newell (1930). The exchange of energy between man and the environment. C.C. Thomas. OCLC 1561509.
  11. Newburgh, L. H.; Johnston, Margaret W.; Wiley, F. H.; Sheldon, J. M.; Murrill, W. A. (1 February 1937). "A Respiration Chamber for Use with Human SubjectsThree Figures". The Journal of Nutrition. 13 (2): 193–201. doi:10.1093/jn/13.2.193.
  12. Newburgh, L. H.; Johnston, Margaret Woodwell (1 February 1930). "The nature of obesity". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 8 (2): 197–213. doi:10.1172/JCI100260. PMC 424616. PMID 16693891.
  13. Newburgh, L. H.; Hertig, Bruce A. (1969). "Physiology of Heat Regulation and the Science of Clothing". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 11 (2): 100. doi:10.1097/00043764-196902000-00012.
  14. Beeuwkes, Adelia M.; Johnston, Margaret W. (1 January 1965). "Louis Harry Newburgh — A Biographical Sketch(June 17, 1883 – July 17, 1956)". The Journal of Nutrition. 85 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1093/jn/85.1.1. PMID 14257001.
  15. Striker, Cecil (1 September 1956). "L. Harry Newburgh". Diabetes. 5 (5): 408. doi:10.2337/diab.5.5.408. PMID 13365483. S2CID 29085335.
  16. Howell, Joel D. (1993). Medical Lives and Scientific Medicine at Michigan, 1891-1969. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10465-9.
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