Losses in electrical systems
In an electrical or electronic circuit or power system part of the energy in play is dissipated by unwanted effects, including energy lost by unwanted heating of resistive components (electricity is also used for the intention of heating, which is not a loss), the effect of parasitic elements (resistance, capacitance, and inductance), skin effect, losses in the windings and cores of transformers due to resistive heating and magnetic losses caused by eddy currents, hysteresis,[1] unwanted radiation, dielectric loss, corona discharge, and other effects. There are also losses during electric power transmission
In addition to these losses of energy, there may be non-technical loss of revenue and profit, leading to electrical energy generated not being paid for, primarily due to theft. These losses include meter tampering and bypassing, arranged false meter readings, faulty meters, and un-metered supply. Non-technical losses are reported to account for up to 40% of the total electricity distributed in some countries.[2] Technical and human errors in meter readings, data processing and billing may occur,[2] and may lead to either over-charging[3] or under-charging.[4]
References
- "Power losses in wound components". Info.ee.surrey.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
- Glauner, P.; et al. (2017). "The Challenge of Non-Technical Loss Detection using Artificial Intelligence: A Survey". International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems. 10 (1): 760–775. arXiv:1606.00626. doi:10.2991/ijcis.2017.10.1.51.
- Matty Edwards (16 August 2017). "Nearly 1.3m energy customers overcharged by £102m because of company billing errors, research shows". The Independent. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
- Tara Evans (2 March 2016). "Millions hit by shock energy bills by suppliers who demand thousands after making mistakes". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 31 December 2018.