Lokman Slim

Lokman Mohsen Slim (Arabic: لقمان محسن سليم‎; 17 July 1962 – 4 February 2021) was a Lebanese publisher, political activist and commentator,[1][2][3] who promoted a Culture of Remembrance to cope with the many past and present conflicts of Lebanon and the whole region. Slim was especially known to be a prominent Hezbollah critic,[4] but also critical of all other sectarian parties.[5] He was shot and found dead in his car in Hezbollah-dominated southern Lebanon.[6]

Lokman Slim
Lokman Slim in 2018
Born(1962-07-17)17 July 1962
Haret Hreik, Lebanon
Died4 February 2021(2021-02-04) (aged 58)
Sidon District, Lebanon
Cause of deathGunshot wounds
NationalityLebanese
EducationMaster, Sorbonne
TitleDirector Hayya Bina
Political partyIndependent
Websitehttp://www.hayyabina.org; http://www.umam-dr.org

Early life and career

Lokman Slim was born in Haret Hreik, what was then a village near and is now Southern Beirut. He was the scion of an influential Lebanese-Shia family with strong ties to the Christian elites.[7] His mother Salma Merchak, who survived him, is a Christian from Egypt.[8] His father Mohsen Slim was a deputy (MP) in the Lebanese parliament from 1960 to 1964 and in 1977 founded the Shia-dominated party of the Union des Forces Libanaises, which demanded the disarmament of the militant Palestinian forces in Lebanon.[9] Later in the course of the Lebanese Civil War he moved his law practice to Paris.[7]

Lokman Slim moved to France in 1982 to study philosophy at the Paris-Sorbonne University.[10] He returned to Beirut in 1988. Two years later, he founded Dar al Jadeed Publishing House,[11] which publishes Arabic literature and essays of controversial content. Its publications range from books banned by the Lebanese General Security to the first Arabic translations of the writings of Muhammad Khatami, the former Iranian reformist president, which generated controversy within the Shia community in Lebanon. Several of Slim's articles, essays, and translations have been published in English, French, and Arabic newspapers and books. He lived and worked in the Southern Suburbs of Beirut, Greater Beirut, South Lebanon, and the Bekaa Valley.[12][13]

Art as political activism
The UMAM-Hangar during the 2018 exhibition "In Praise of Lebanese Fusion"

In 2001, Slim moved into film with the establishment of Umam Productions, which has produced several films, including Massaker[14] co-directed by Slim and his German wife Monika Borgmann. It won the Fipresci Award at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2005.[15] In 2004, he co-founded Umam Documentation & Research (D&R), a non-profit organization based in the southern Beirut suburb of Haret Hreik, where the organization is creating an open archive of materials concerning Lebanon's social and political history. The organization organizes and facilitates exhibits at its famous “Hangar”[16] for artists to openly address the scars of the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), which is considered taboo and taught neither at the elementary or high school levels. Umam also organizes film screenings, art exhibitions, and discussions relating to civil violence and war memory.[17]

One of Umam's ongoing exhibits since 2008 is “Missing,” a collage of photographs depicting persons missing from the Lebanese Civil War. The exhibition is presented in conjunction with Committee of the Relatives of the Kidnapped and Missing in Lebanon, Support of the Lebanese in Detention and Exile, and the Committee of the Families of Lebanese Detainees in Syria along with hundreds of individuals related to the missing.[18]

Civic education as driver for political change

Slim's project Hayya Bina (HB), meaning "Let’s Go",[10] is an initiative which began during the 2005 parliamentary elections in Lebanon with the aim of promoting citizen involvement in the political process and opposing Lebanon's sectarian system. Slim himself compared the religiously based sectarian communities to “cells in which the Lebanese are jailed."[19] Hayya Bina implements projects nationwide, working particularly in the Shiite communities of South Lebanon, the “Dahieh” of Beirut, Mount Lebanon, and the Bekaa Valley regions.[10]

In 2008, Hayya Bina participated as a partner with the National Democratic Institute's (NDI) “Citizen Lebanon” project.[20] In conjunction with leadership and civic participation trainings conducted by NDI, Hayya Bina spearheaded a number of public advocacy projects in Shiite areas of Lebanon. In Baalbek, Hayya Bina's field staff organized a pesticide project in order to help boost the economy of local farmers; in Shmustar, staff coordinated with residents to publicly advocate for garbage collection services to prevent communicable diseases from spreading; in Hermel, a region-wide project to clean up the Assi River. This project included environmental awareness activities, cleanup days, and formal discussions with elected officials.[10]

Hayya Bina continues to implement Lebanon's only nationwide English education program for adult women, “Teach Women English,” recruiting teachers in rural areas in order to bring classes to economically depressed areas in the south and Bekaa Valley.[21] The program's pedagogy combines formal grammar with substantive nodes, such as human rights, civics, workplace, and around-the-home vocabulary. The program's cross-regional emphasis has also enabled rural teachers who have never left their villages to travel across the country for teacher training programs.[22]

Slim stated in 2019 that Hezbollah's leader was responsible for alleged incidents where people came to his home and offices to chant slurs and threats. He also reported death threats after a debate during the 2019–2020 Lebanese protests. Slim has stated a belief that Hezbollah had a role in the 2020 Beirut explosion.[6]

Death

On the night of 3 February 2021,during the lockdown, Lokman was returning alone in his rented car to Beirut, after visiting a friend in the village of Niha, Tyre District, and was not traceable in the next hours. Later his car was discovered in a remote area between the villages of Addousiyeh and Tafahta in southern al Zahrani district, Sidon District,[23] and Lokman was found dead inside it, after being shot four times in the head and once in the back. He was admitted to a local hospital, where he was declared dead. His sister said that "probably there's an ideological and political background in the assassination".[24]

Slim had, in 2019, stated that Hezbollah supporters had been threatening him at his home and accusing him of treason. After the death was confirmed, Jawad Nasrallah, the son of Hezbollah's leader, tweeted: "The loss of some people is in fact an unplanned gain #notsorry". He later deleted the message and denied that he had been referring to Slim.[25] Hezbollah condemned the killing, denied any involvement and called for an immediate investigation.[24] DW judged that Slim was "one in a long list of killings" befalling Hezbollah's critics, and that "no one in Lebanon expects any resolution to Slim's murder".[26]

References
  1. Republic, The New (13 March 2006). "Beirut Dispatch" – via The New Republic.
  2. Archived 26 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  3. Archived 2 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  4. "Hezbollah". www.10452lccc.com.
  5. "Nachruf - Wahrheit als Provokation". medico international (in German). Medico International. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  6. "Lokman Slim, prominent Hezbollah critic, shot dead in south Lebanon". France 24. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  7. Deeb, Lara; Harb, Mona (2013). Leisurely Islam: Negotiating Geography and Morality in Shi‘ite South Beirut. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0691153667.
  8. Jalkh, Jeanine (5 February 2021). "Lokman Slim, la liberté à tout prix". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  9. Kuderna, Michael (1983). Christliche Gruppen im Libanon: Kampf um Ideologie und Herrschaft in einer unfertigen Nation (in German). Wiesbaden: F. Steiner. p. 103.
  10. "Who is Lokman Slim: A profile on Lebanese activist, Hezbollah critic shot to death". Al Arabiya. 4 February 2021.
  11. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. SPIEGEL, Daniel Steinvorth, DER. "Boost for Militants in Lebanon: Hezbollah Riding on a Wave of Confidence". www.spiegel.de.
  13. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. Staff, Guardian (4 November 2005). "Rory McCarthy looks at Lebanese film Massacre". the Guardian.
  15. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. "UMAM D&R". UMAM D&R.
  19. "Analysis: Religious voting in Lebanon". BBC. 27 May 2005.
  20. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. "US Embassy launches English courses for rural women | News , Lebanon News | THE DAILY STAR". www.dailystar.com.lb.
  23. "Anti-Hezbollah activist Lokman Slim found dead in south Lebanon". The National News. 4 February 2021.
  24. "'A huge loss': Lebanese anti-Hezbollah activist shot dead". www.aljazeera.com.
  25. Chulov, Martin (4 February 2021). "Hezbollah critic Lokman Slim found dead in Lebanon". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  26. "Lebanon: Coronavirus lockdown weighs heavy on a country in crisis". DW.COM. 6 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
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