Liz Kelly bibliography
Elizabeth A. Kelly CBE (born 1951)[1][2] is the professor and director of the Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University,[3] and the former head of the, now defunct, Women's National Commission.[4]
Bibliography
Books
- Kelly, Liz (1988). Surviving sexual violence. Feminist Perspectives Series. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816617531.
- Kelly, Elizabeth (1995). Surviving sexual abuse. Health Books Series. Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales: Gore & Osment. ISBN 9781875531783.
- Kelly, Elizabeth A. (1995). Education, democracy, and public knowledge. Boulder Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 9780813316345.
- Liz, Kelly; Hester, Marianne; Radford, Jill (1996). Women, violence, and male power: feminist activism, research, and practice. Buckingham Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 9780335195060.
- Liz, Kelly; Burton, Sheila; Regan, Linda (1998). Supporting women and challenging men: lessons from the Domestic Violence Intervention Project. Bristol: Policy Press. ISBN 9781861340689.
- Liz, Kelly; Hague, Gill; Mullender, Audrey (2001). Challenging violence against women: the Canadian experience. Bristol, UK: Policy Press. ISBN 9781861342782.
- Liz, Kelly; Mullender, Audrey; Regan, Linda; Hague, Gill; Imam, Umme; Malos, Ellen (2002). Children's perspectives on domestic violence. London: Sage. ISBN 9780761971061.
- Liz, Kelly; Rehman, Yasmin; Siddiqui, Hannana (2013). Moving in the shadows: violence in the lives of minority women and children. Farnham, Surrey Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. ISBN 9781409433170.
Chapters in books
- Kelly, Liz (1988), "How women define their experiences of violence", in Yllö, Kersti; Bograd, Michele (eds.), Feminist perspectives on wife abuse, Newbury Park, California: A Sage Focus Edition, pp. 114–132, ISBN 9780803930537.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda; Burton, Sheila (1992), "Defending the indefensible? Quantitative methods and feminist research", in Phoenix, Ann; Hinds, Hilary; Stacey, Jackie (eds.), Working out: New directions for women's studies, Gender and Society: Feminist Perspectives on Past and Present, London Washington, D.C: The Falmer Press, pp. 149–160, ISBN 9780750700436.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (1994), "The interconnectedness of domestic violence and child abuse: challenges for research, policy and practice", in Mullender, Audrey; Morley, Rebecca (eds.), Children living with domestic violence: putting men's abuse of women on the child care agenda, London Concord, Massachusetts: Whiting & Birch., ISBN 9781871177725.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (1996), "'It's everywhere': sexual violence as a continuum", in Jackson, Stevi; Scott, Sue (eds.), Feminism and sexuality: a reader, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 191–206, ISBN 9780231107082.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (1996), "Tensions and possibilities: enhancing informal responses to domestic violence", in Edleson, Jeffrey; Eisikovits, Zvi C. (eds.), Future interventions with battered women and their families, Sage Series on Violence Against Women, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, pp. 67–86, ISBN 9780803959453.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda; Burton, Sheila (1996), "Beyond victim or survivor: sexual violence, identity and feminist theory and practice", in Adkins, Lisa; Merchant, Vicki (eds.), Sexualizing the social: power and the organization of sexuality, New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 77–101, ISBN 9780312160258.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz; Radford, Jill (1998), "Sexual violence against women and girls: an approach to an international overview", in Dobash, R. Emerson; Dobash, Russell P. (eds.), Rethinking violence against women, Sage Series on Violence Against Women, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, pp. 53–76, ISBN 9780761911876.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (2000), "The global context: Wars against women: sexual violence, sexual politics and the militarised state", in Jacobs, Susie; Jacobson, Ruth; Marchbank, Jennifer (eds.), States of conflict: gender, violence, and resistance, London New York: Zed Books, pp. 45–65, ISBN 9781856496568.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Coy, Maddy; Horvath, Miranda A.H. (2012), "Troubling notions of male entitlement: men consuming, boasting and confessing about paying for sex", in Coy, Maddy (ed.), Prostitution, harm and gender inequality: theory, research and policy, Farnham, Surrey, England Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, pp. 121–140, ISBN 9781409405450.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (2013), "Sex, sexuality and child sexual abuse", in Wild, Jim (ed.), Exploiting childhood: how fast food, material obsession and porn culture are creating new forms of child abuse, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, pp. 145–148, ISBN 9780857007421.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz; Westmarland, Nicole (2015), "New approaches to assessing effectiveness and outcomes of domestic violence perpetrator programs", in Johnson, Holly; Fisher, Bonnie S.; Jaquier, Véronique (eds.), Critical issues on violence against women: international perspectives and promising strategies, London: Routledge, pp. 183–194, ISBN 9781135006037.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz; Coy, Maddy; Dustin, Holly (2015), "A feminist "epistemic community" reshaping public policy: a case study of the End Violence Against Women Coalition", in Johnson, Holly; Fisher, Bonnie S.; Jaquier, Véronique (eds.), Critical issues on violence against women: international perspectives and promising strategies, London: Routledge, pp. 244–257, ISBN 9781135006037.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Journal articles
- Kelly, Liz; Radford, Jill (December 1990). "'Nothing really happened': the invalidation of women's experiences of sexual violence". Critical Social Policy. Sage. 10 (30): 39–53. doi:10.1177/026101839001003003.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (Summer 1991). "Unspeakable acts: women who abuse". Trouble & Strife. Trouble & Strife Collective. 21: 13–20.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz (guest editor); Kennedy, Margaret (guest editor) (December 1992). "Inclusion not exclusion". Child Abuse Review. Wiley. 1 (3): 147–149. doi:10.1002/car.2380010303.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (December 1992). "The connections between disability and child abuse: a review of the research evidence". Child Abuse Review. Wiley. 1 (3): 157–167. doi:10.1002/car.2380010305.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (December 1992). "Can't hear or won't hear? — the evidential experience of children with disabilities". Child Abuse Review. Wiley. 1 (3): 188–190. doi:10.1002/car.2380010311.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (Summer 1996). "Weasel words: pedophiles and the cycle of abuse". Trouble & Strife. Trouble & Strife Collective. 33: 44–49.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda (January 2000). "Sexual exploitation of children in Europe: Child pornography". Journal of Sexual Aggression. Taylor and Francis. 6 (1–2): 6–28. doi:10.1080/13552600008413307.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Liz, Kelly; Mullender, Audrey; Hague, Gill; Imam, Umme; Malos, Ellen (January 2002). "How do children understand and cope with domestic violence?". Practice. Taylor and Francis. 14 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1080/09503150208414289.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (January 2003). "The wrong debate: reflections on why force is not the key issue with respect to trafficking in women for sexual exploitation". Feminist Review. Palgrave Macmillan. 73 (1): 139–144. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400086. JSTOR 1396003.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (September 2004). "The perils of inclusion and exclusion: international debates on the status of trafficked women as victims". International Review of Victimology. Sage. 11 (1): 33–47. doi:10.1177/026975800401100103.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (January 2005). ""You can find anything you want": a critical reflection on research on trafficking in persons within and into Europe". International Migration. Wiley. 43 (1–2): 235–265. doi:10.1111/j.0020-7985.2005.00319.x.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (December 2005). "Inside outsiders: Mainstreaming violence against women into human rights discourse and practice". International Feminist Journal of Politics. Taylor and Francis. 7 (4): 471–495. doi:10.1080/14616740500284391.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz; Horvath, Miranda A.H. (March 2009). "Multiple perpetrator rape: Naming an offence and initial research findings". Journal of Sexual Aggression. Taylor and Francis. 15 (1): 83–96. doi:10.1080/13552600802653818.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz (guest editor); Pringle, Keith (guest editor) (November 2009). "Editorial: Gender and child harm". Child Abuse Review. Wiley. 18 (6): 367–371. doi:10.1002/car.1097.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz; Coy, Maddy; Bowstead, Janet; Foord, Jo (March 2011). "Roads to nowhere? Mapping specialised violence against women services". Violence Against Women. Sage. 17 (3): 404–425. doi:10.1177/1077801211398637. PMID 26086982.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz; Chambers, Jemma C.; Horvath, Miranda A.H. (April 2013). "Reconstructing and sequencing behaviours in multiple perpetrator rape". Psychology, Crime & Law. Taylor and Francis. 19 (3): 253–275. doi:10.1080/1068316X.2011.631537.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kelly, Liz; Westmarland, Nicole (September 2013). "Why extending measurements of 'success' in domestic violence perpetrator programmes matters for social work". The British Journal of Social Work. Oxford Journals. 43 (6): 1092–1110. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcs049.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
For the CWASU
- Kelly, Liz; McGibbon, Alison; Cooper, Libby (1989). "What support?": an exploratory study of Council policy and practice, and local support services in the area of domestic violence within Hammersmith and Fulham: final report. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. OCLC 779176979.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda; Burton, Sheila; Wingfield, Rachel (1995). Splintered lives: sexual exploitation of children in the context of children's rights and child protection. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Mullender, Audrey; Debbonaire, Thangam; Hague, Gill; Malos, Ellen (1996). Children, domestic violence and refuges: a study of needs and responses. London: Women's Aid Federation England Ltd. ISBN 9780907817659.
- Kelly, Liz (1998). Supporting women and challenging men: lessons from the Domestic Violence Intervention Project. With Julie Bindel, Sheila Burton, Dianne Butterworth, Kate Cook and Linda Regan. Bristol: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. ISBN 9781861340689. Online. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda; Burton, Sheila; Kitzinger, Jenny (1998). Young people's attitudes towards violence, sex and relationships: a survey and focus group study. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University with the Media Research Unit, University of Glasgow. Pdf from Zero Tolerance.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda; Burton, Sheila (1998). An exploratory study of the prevalence of sexual abuse in a sample of 16-21 year olds. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. OCLC 59908155. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda; Burton, Sheila (1998). Legacies of abuse - 'Its more complicated than that': a qualitative study of the meaning and impacts of sexual abuse in childhood. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. ISBN 9781853772535. End of award report to the ESRC.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda (1999). Teenage tolerance: the hidden lives of young Irish people: a study of young peoples experience and responses to violence and abuse. Dublin: Dublin Women's Aid and the Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. OCLC 779127847. Details online.
- Kelly, Liz; Mullender, Audrey; Iman, Umme F.; Hague, Gill; Malos, Ellen (1999). Children's needs coping strategies and understanding of woman abuse. Swindon: ESRC Full Research Report. OCLC 779177788. L129251037.
- Kelly, Liz; Mullender, Audrey; Humphreys, Catherine; Hester, Marianne; Abrahams, Hilary; Lowe, Pam (2000). From good intentions to good practice: mapping services working with families where there is domestic violence. Bristol: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. ISBN 9781861342454. Online. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda (2000). Rhetorics and realities: sexual exploitation of children in Europe. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. ISBN 9781853773105.
- Kelly, Liz; Mullender, Audrey; Hague, Gill (2001). Challenging violence against women: the Canadian experience. Bristol, UK: Policy Press. ISBN 9781861342782.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda (2003). Good practice in medical responses to recently reported rape, especially forensic examinations: a briefing paper for the Daphne Strengthening the Linkages Project. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for Rape Crisis Network Europe. ISBN 9780954480325.
- Kelly, Liz; Seith, Corinna (2003). Achievements against the grain: self-defence training for women and girls in Europe. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for Rape Crisis Network Europe. ISBN 9780954480301.
- Kelly, Liz (2003). Rape: still a forgotten issue: briefing document for strengthening the linkages - consolidating the European Network Project. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for Rape Crisis Network Europe. ISBN 9780954480332.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda; Wingfield, Rachel (2003). Worth less or worth more? An evaluation of the Maze Marigold Project. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for YWCA. ISBN 9780954480318.
- Kelly, Liz; Bindel, Julie (2003). A critical examination of responses to prostitution in four countries: Victoria; Australia; Ireland; the Netherlands; Sweden. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for Routes Out Partnership Board. OCLC 779173242. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Coy, Maddy; Horvarth, Miranda (2007). 'It's just like going to the supermarket': men buying sex in East London: report for Safe Exit Tower Hamlets. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for Rape Crisis Network Europe. ISBN 9780954480356. Pdf.
- Liz, Kelly; Horvarth, Miranda; Uzelac, Gordana; Lovett, Jo (January 2007). Rape in the 21st Century; old behaviours, new contexts and emerging powers. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for Rape Crisis Network Europe. Pdf. Funded by the ESRC.
- Kelly, Liz; Horvarth, Miranda (June 2007). From the outset: why violence should be a priority for the Commission for Equality and Human Rights. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. Pdf. Funded by Equal Opportunities Commission and the Roddick Foundation.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda; Morris, Anne; Dibb, Rebecca (July 2007). 'If only we'd known': an exploratory study of seven intimate partner homicides in Engleshire – final report to the Engleshire Domestic Violence Homicide Review Group. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Sen, Purna (2008). CEDAW thematic shadow report: violence against women in the UK: 2007. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for CEDAW. ISBN 9780954480370. Pdf.
- Liz, Kelly; Turner, Jackie (September 2008). Nordic Baltic pilot project for the support, protection, safe return and rehabilitation of women victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation: Evaluation report. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.511.3284.
- Kelly, Liz; Lovett, Jo; Burman, Michele (May 2009). Different systems, similar outcomes? Tracking attrition in reported rape cases in eleven European countries (Country briefing: Scotland). London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. ISBN 9780954480394 Pdf. Final report, pdf. Funded by the European Commission Daphne II Programme.
- Kelly, Liz; Coy, Maddy; Lee, Kerry; Roach, Colleen (July 2010). A missing link? An exploratory study of the connections between non-consensual sex and teenage pregnancy. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University.
- Kelly, Liz; Hagemann-White, Carol; Meysen, Thomas; Römkens, Renée (2011). Realising rights: case studies on state responses to violence against women and children in Europe. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. ISBN 9780954480387. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Coy, Maddy; Thiara, Ravi K.; Phillips, Ruth (2011). Into the foreground: an evaluation of the Jacana Parenting Programme. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda; Mouj, Anjum; Lovett, Jo (2011). Everywhere and anywhere: a focus group study on domestic violence information and awareness raising. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University for the Trust for London and the Henry Smith Charity. Unpublished report, parts of which are quoted in this pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Coy, Maddy; Thiara, Ravi K. (May 2011). Boys think girls are toys?: An evaluation of the NIA Project Prevention Programme on sexual exploitation. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2015-09-30. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Coy, Maddy; Elvines, Fiona; Garner, Maria; Kanyeredzi, Ava (November 2013). "Sex without consent, I suppose that is rape": How young people in England understand sexual consent. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. Archived from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2015-09-30. Pdf. A report commissioned for the Office of the Children’s Commissioner's Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Gangs and Groups.
- Kelly, Liz; Sharp, Nicola; Klein, Renate (2014). Finding the cost of freedom. London: Solace Women's Aid / Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. Pdf.
Home Office
- Kelly, Liz; Bindel, Julie; Burton, Sheila; Butterworth, Dianne; Cook, Kate; Regan, Linda (1999). Domestic violence matters: an evaluation of a development project. London: Home Office, Research Studies. ISBN 9781840821376. 193. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda (2000). Stopping traffic: exploring the extent of, and responses to trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in the UK. London: Home Office, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit. ISBN 9781840824667. 125. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda; Lovett, Jo (2004). Sexual Assault Referral Centres: developing good practice and maximising potentials. London: Home Office Research Study. ISBN 9781844732869. 285. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda; Lovett, Jo (2004). Forensic nursing an option for improving responses to reported rape and sexual assault. London: Home Office Development and Practice. ISBN 9781844733187. 31. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Regan, Linda; Lovett, Jo (2005). A gap or a chasm?: Attrition in reported rape cases. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. ISBN 9781844735556. 293. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Temkin, Jennifer; Griffiths, Sue (2006). Section 41 an evaluation of new legislation limiting sexual history evidence in rape trials. London: Home Office Online Reports. ISBN 9781844739264. OLR 20/06. Online. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz (2013). Evaluation of the pilot of domestic violence protection orders. Joanna R. Adler; Miranda A.H. Horvarth; Jo Lovett; Mark Coulson; David Kernohan; and Mark Gray. London: Home Office, Crime research and analysis. ISBN 9781782462620. 76. Online. Pdf. Evaluation of Domestic Violence Protection Orders (DVPOs) for the International Crime and Policing Conference 2015.
Other papers
- Kelly, Liz (October 2001). Routes to (in)justice: a research review on the reporting, investigation and prosecution of rape cases. London: HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate (HMCPSI). OCLC 224119621. A literature review ahead of report commissioned by HMCPSI and published the following year. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz (2002). A research review on the reporting, investigation and prosecution of rape cases. London: HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate (HMCPSI). OCLC 50329254. Commissioned by HMCPSI to inform their thematic review into the investigation and prosecution of cases involving allegations of rape.
- Kelly, Liz (2002). Journeys of jeopardy: a review of research on trafficking in women and children in Europe. IOM migration research series. Vienna, Austria: International Organization for Migration. OCLC 51758037. no. 11. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz (2003). Violence against women and children: Vision, Innovation and Professionalism in policing (VIP Guide). Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing (Editions du Conseil de l'Europe). ISBN 9789287151216.
- Kelly, Liz; Sen, Purna; Humphreys, Catherine (2004). CEDAW thematic shadow report: violence against women in the UK: 2003. London: Women’s National Commission, Amnesty International and Indigo Trust. OCLC 779148189. Online.
- Kelly, Liz; Lovett, Jo (February 2005). What a waste: the case for an integrated violence against women strategy. London: Department of Trade and Industry. OCLC 59352200. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2015-09-30. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz (2005). Fertile fields: trafficking in persons in Central Asia: a report. Vienna, Austria: International Organization for Migration. ISBN 9789290682431. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Coy, Maddy; Foord, Jo (2007). Map of gaps: the postcode lottery of violence against women support services. London: End Violence Against Women. Archived from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2015-09-30. ISBN 9780954480363 Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Coy, Maddy; Lovett, Jo (2008). Realising rights, fulfilling obligations: a template for an integrated strategy on violence against women for the UK. London: End Violence Against Women. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-06. ISBN 9780955860928 Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Westmarland, Nicole; Brown, Jennifer; Horvath, Miranda (April 2010). Connections and disconnections: assessing evidence, knowledge and practice in responses to rape. London: Government Equalities Office. OCLC 785808273. Pdf.
- Kelly, Liz; Westmarland, Nicole; Brown, Jennifer; Horvath, Miranda (April 2010). Has anything changed? Results of a comparative study (1977-2010) on opinions on rape. London: Government Equalities Office. OCLC 912957804. Pdf.
References
- "Kelly, Liz, 1951-". Virtual International Authority File (VIAF). Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- "Kelly, Elizabeth A." Virtual International Authority File (VIAF). Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- "Liz Kelly". Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (CWASU), London Metropolitan University. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- "Professor Liz Kelly CBE". Women's National Commission. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
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