List of oil spills impacting penguins

Penguins are vulnerable to exposure to oil spills due to their site fidelity, aquatic lifestyle and near-surface foraging habits. Across their range, penguins have been impacted by chronic and acute oil pollution at sea. The following list includes examples of events where impacts to penguins were documented. It is not exhaustive.

Year Country Location Origin Species Notes References
1925 Australia Port Phillip Bay, Victoria Unknown Little "A number" of oiled penguins ashore and some dead. [1]
1934 New Zealand Kapiti Island, Manuwatu beaches Unknown Little “Many” penguins killed and oiled. [2]
1936 South Africa Cape Town Unknown African One bird oiled. [3]
1940 New Zealand Auckland Unknown Little Hundreds of penguins oiled and killed. [4]
1945 Australia Sydney, New South Wales Unknown Little Single penguin captured and treated. [5][6]
1946 Australia Port Phillip Bay, Victoria Unknown Little “Many” penguins killed and oiled. [7]
1948 South Africa Dyer Island Esso Wheeling oil spill African One third of penguin population, “thousands” oiled and killed. [8][9]
1952 South Africa Robben Island, Table Bay Unknown African Over 1200 oiled penguins came ashore. [8]
1953 South Africa Table Bay Sliedrecht oil spill African Penguins oiled and killed. [10]
1954 Australia Port Phillip Bay, Victoria Unknown Little 36 penguins oiled. [11]
1954 Australia Port Phillip Bay, Victoria Unknown Little “large numbers” of dead and oiled birds ashore [12]
1968 South Africa Cape Point, Western Cape Esso Essen oil spill African Over 1700 penguins impacted by oil. [8]
1971 Australia Cowes, Victoria Unknown Little 43 oiled, dying penguins found. [13]
1971 Australia South-eastern South Australia Unknown Little "Hundreds" oiled coming ashore. [14]
1971 South Africa Cape Aghulas & Dyer Island SS Wafra oil spill African Over 1216 penguins oiled. [8]
1972 South Africa Dassen Island Unknown African 4000 penguins impacted. [8]
1972 South Africa Ystervark Point Oswego Guardian-Texanita collision African 500 penguins impacted. [8]
1973 Chile Guamblin Island Napier oil spill Magellanic Impacts unknown. Penguins in vicinity. [15]
1974 Chile Strait of Magellan VLCC Metula oil spill Magellanic 40,000 birds oiled. Mostly cormorants and penguins. [16]
1974 Australia Port Campbell, Victoria Unknown Little "Numbers" of penguins oiled. [17]
1974 South Africa Struisbaii, Western Cape Oriental Pioneer (tanker) African Several thousand penguins oiled. [8]
1978 Chile San Vincente Bay Cabo Tamar oil spill Humboldt, Magellanic Impacts unknown, penguins in area. [18]
1979 South Africa St. Croix Island, Algoa Bay Unknown African Penguins collected to prevent harm. [19][20]
1981 Argentina Bahia Bustamante Unknown Magellanic Dead penguins found, but ecological impact not studied. [15]
1982 Argentina Punta Tombo Unknown Magellanic 500 oiled penguins found. [15]
1985 South Africa Cape Recife Kapodistrias oil spill Over 1180 penguins impacted, 137 killed. [21][8]
1987 Australia Macquarie Island Nella Dan supply ship wreck Royal, King, Southern rockhopper, Gentoo 70 tonnes of light fuel oil lost, ecological damage unknown. [22]
1987 Chile Punta Davis, Strait of Magellan Cabo Pilar oil spill 4900 tonnes crude spilled, penguin impacts unknown. [23][24]
1988 Australia Portland, Victoria ? Little 40% of a small colony oiled and killed (100 birds). [25][26][27]
1989 Argentina Bismarck Strait, Antarctica Bahia Paraiso oil spill Several, including Adelie 20,000-30,000 penguins swam through slick, toll unclear owing to 3 year migration pattern, 300 Adelie penguins known to have been killed. [28]
1990 Australia Apollo Bay, Cape Otway Tanker Arthur Phillip Little 130 collected alive, only 65 survived. Over 200 dead, estimates up to 700 dead. [29][30]
1991 Argentina Chubut Province Unknown Magellanic An estimated 17,000 penguins killed. [15]
1991 Chile Punta Tombo Unknown Magellanic Estimated 16,000-17,000 dead penguins found. More expected to have died at sea. [31][32]
1994 South Africa Dassen Island Apollo Sea African 10,000 penguins collected and cleaned, half of which survived. [8]
1995 Australia Low Head, Tasmania MV Iron Baron Little An estimated 25,000 penguins died from spill impacts. [33]
1995 Australia Bass Strait Unknown Little 13 oiled penguins. [34]
1995 South Africa off Danger Point Unknown African 1332 penguins. [8]
1998 South Africa Cape Town Harbor pipeline burst African 563 penguins. [8]
1998 United Kingdom Falkland Islands Oil exploration spills Magellanic Killed several hundred penguins. [15]
1999 Australia Gore Bay, Sydney, New South Wales Shell tanker Little Several birds oiled, five were captured, cleaned and released. [35][36]
2000 Australia Between Summerland Bay and The Nobbies, Phillip Island, Victoria Unknown Little 9 killed, 164 more oiled and treated. [37][38][39]
2000 Chile Cifuncho, Antofagasta La Moure County (US Navy vessel) Humboldt 80-120,000 gallons of diesel lost. Penguin impacts unknown. [40]
2000 South Africa Robben Island & Dassen Island MV Treasure oil spill African 19000 oiled and an additional 19500 removed. Less than 2000 died. 91% rehabilitation success. [8]
2001 Chile Moraleda Channel Jose Fuchs Magellanic 150 tonnes crude oil spilled. [23]
2001 Australia Victoria Little 438 penguins treated with a 96% survival rate. [41]
2004 Chile Primera Angostura, Magellan Strait Tanker Berge Nice collision with tugboat 160 tonnes of oil spilled. Unknown number of penguins impacted. [23][15]
2005 Chile Antofagasta Eider cargo ship grounded Humboldt Penguins impacted. [15]
2006 Argentina Near Cabo Virgenes, south Patagonia Unknown Magellanic 100 oiled penguins found. An estimated 400 were oiled. [42][43]
2007 Argentina Caleta Cordova, Chubut Oil terminal spill Magellanic Over 1500 penguins impacted. [15]
2009 Australia Kingston / Robe, South Australia Unknown Little 7 penguins oiled and treated. [44]
2008 Uruguay Montevideo Tanker Syros oil spill Magellanic At least 72 penguins oiled and killed [45]
2011 New Zealand Tauranga Rena oil spill Little 20,000 seabirds (including penguins) killed by spill and ecosystem impacts. 383 were successfully cleaned and released. [46][47]
2011 United Kingdom Tristan da Cunha islands MS Oliva Rockhopper 20,000 penguins oiled, 4,000 relocated to Tristan da Cunha. "Thousands" more died. [48][49]
2015-2016 Chile near Cachagua Humboldt Penguin colony threatened by two oil spills during this period. [50]
2016 South Africa Port of Ngqura Bunkering African 100 oiled penguins were treated. [51]
2019 South Africa Port of Ngqura Bunkering African Hundreds of penguins were harmed in minor spill. [51]

References
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