List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.321

This is a list of instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number, covering those instruments that are classified under 321.321 under that system. These instruments may be known as necked bowl lutes.

3: Instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings (chordophones, string instruments).

32: Instruments in which the resonator and string bearer are physically united and can not be separated without destroying the instrument

321: Instruments in which the strings run in a plane parallel to the sound table (lutes)

321.3: Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle (handle lutes)

321.32: Instrument in which the handle is attached to, or carved from, the resonator, like a neck (necked lutes)

321.321: Instrument whose body is shaped like a bowl (necked bowl lutes)

These instruments may be classified with a suffix, based on how the strings are caused to vibrate.

• 4: Hammers or beaters
• 5: Bare hands and fingers
• 6: Plectrum
• 7: Bowing
  • 71: Using a bow
  • 72: Using a wheel
  • 73: Using a ribbon
• 8: Keyboard
• 9: Using a mechanical drive

List

Instrument	Tradition	Hornbostel–Sachs classification	Description
angélique	French classical music	321.321	Pear-shaped, plucked, with 15-17 strings
archlute Italian arciliuto, Erzlaute, Архилютня	Western classical music	321.321	Plucked
baglamas	Greece	321.321	Pear-shaped, long-necked
bağlama	Middle East and Central Asia	321.321
balalaika[1]	Russia	321.321	Triangle-shaped lute-type instrument
bandora		321.321
bandura[2]	Ukraine	321.321	Diatonic, unfretted lute-like string instrument, traditionally carved from a single block of wood
banduria[3]	Philippines	321.321	Pear-shaped mandolin-like instrument, part of the rondalla tradition of ensemble playing of plucked instruments including bandurias, octavinas, laúds, guitars, and basses.
banhu	China	321.321	Two-stringed, bowed instrument
banzouki		321.321
barbat	Persian	321.321
biwa	Japan	321.321	Short-necked, fretted
bouzouki[4]	Greece, Modern	321.321	String instrument with a pear-shaped body and a long neck, played with plectrum
buzuq	Middle Eastern	321.321	Long-necked, fretted
charango [5] charanga	Bolivia	321.321-6	Fretted, hollow-bodied bowl lute, usually with four or five doubled strings, with as many as eleven tunings, traditionally made from an armadillo shell
charango [6] charanga, chillador	Peru	321.321-6	Guitar-like instrument, most commonly with ten strings in two courses and made from an armadillo back
chillador		321.321	Small fretted instrument
chitarra Italiana	Renaissance Italy	321.322	Plucked
cimboa	Cape Verde	321.322	Bowed
cittern		321.322
dambura	Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan	321.321	Wooden plucked instrument
Đàn gáo	Vietnam	321.321	Bowed two-stringed instrument
Đàn tỳ bà	Vietnam	321.321	Plucked four-stringed instrument
dangubica	Croatia	321.321
dilruba	India	321.321
dombra[7][8]	Central Asia	321.321-6	Fretted, long-necked lute with a round body, played by plucking with a plectrum
domra	Russia	321.321
dotara	Bangladesh	321.321
dramyin[9] dranyen, dramnyen	Bhutan	321.321	Seven-stringed lute, fretless, long-necked and double-waisted with rosette-shaped sound hole
dutar	Central Asia	321.321	Long-necked, two-stringed instrument
erhu	China	321.321	Two-stringed, bowed instrument
erxian	China, especially Cantonese	321.321	Two-stringed, bowed instrument
esraj	India	321.321
gadulka	Bulgaria	321.321
gambus	Arab	321.321
gittern guitarra, guiterne or guiterre, Italy, quintern	Europe	321.321	stringed instrument, typical four courses/8 strings, more courses possible, also possible to string with 4-6 single strings
gusle[10][11] gusla	Southeastern Europe	321.321-71	Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg
huluhu	China	321.321	Two-stringed, bowed instrument
igil	Tuva	321.321
jing erhu	China	321.321
kamancheh	Persian	321.321
kobyz	Kazakhstan	321.321
komuz[12][13]	Kyrgyzstan	321.321	Three-stringed fretless lute, made from wood with gut strings
laouto	Greece	321.321
laúd	Spain	321.321
lavta	Armenia, Greece, Turkey	321.321
liuqin	China	321.321	Four-stringed
mandola		321.321
mandolin[14][15]	Italy. Spread to Europe and worldwide.	321.321	Fretted stringed instrument, short-necked, typically 4 courses/8 strings. The types belonging to this category have a flat or canted soundboard and round bowl-back Mandolin performance
mandolin, octave		321.321
mando-bass		321.321	Bass mandolin
mandocello		321.321
mandolute		321.321
mandore mandora (not the bass range instrument), mandola (not the same as the modern mandola), vandola, mandörgen, quinterne	Europe	321.321	stringed instrument, strung either 4-6 single strings or 4-6 courses of 2 strings
mandriola		321.321
orpharion		321.321
oud [16]	Arab	321.321-6	Pear-shaped fretless stringed instrument, with five courses of two strings and a single eleventh string, a bent back and a bowl-shaped body, often with up to three soundholes, played with a pick
pandur	Chechnya	321.321
pandura		321.321
panduri	Georgia	321.321
pipa[17]	China	321.321-5	Pear-shaped bowl lute with a neck, played by plucking
rubab[1][18] rabab	Afghanistan	321.321-6	Short-necked three-stringed lute with sympathetic and drone strings, fretted and plucked with a plectrum, with a double-chambered body, the lower part of which is covered in skin, and with three main strings
sallaneh		321.321
Saraswati veena	India	321.321
Šargija	Southeastern Europe	321.321
saz[19][20] bağlama, kopuz	Turkey	321.321-6	Fretted lute with a long neck, pear-shaped body, and three courses of seven steel strings
setar	Iran	321.321	Pear-shaped lute with a long neck, three or four strings, plucked with the index finger of the right hand
sitar	India	321.321
surbahar	India	321.321
tamburica[21][22] tamburitza	Croatia	321.321	Lute-like stringed instrument with a long neck, picked or strummed, variable number of strings
theorbo	Europe	321.321	Lute-like stringed instrument with an extended neck and two pegboxes.
tricordia		321.321

References

• von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann". The Galpin Society Journal. The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 14. 14: 3–29. doi:10.2307/842168. JSTOR 842168.

Notes

1. ARC music; Peter McClelland. "Glossary of Folk Instruments". Hobgoblin Music. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
2. Jarosewich, Irene. "Roman Hrynkiv hopes to give the bandura international stature". Ukraine Weekly. Archived from the original on December 19, 2006. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The bandura will always be known as Ukraine's national instrument.
3. Aning, Jerome (November 23, 2007). "Rondalla maestro makes strong pitch for banduria". Inquirer Entertainment. Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2007.
4. Grahn, Göran (April 1999). "Review of Musikkens Tjenere - Instrument - Forsker - Musiker by Mette Müller and Lisbet Torp". The Galpin Society Journal. 52: 367–368. doi:10.2307/842547. JSTOR 842547.
5. Baumann, Max Peter (1997). "Review of Bolivie: Charangos et guitarrillas du Norte Potosi by Florindo Alvis and Jean-Marc Grassler". Yearbook for Traditional Music. 29 (1997): 200–201. JSTOR 768327.
6. Bennett, Caroline. "Music in Peru". Viva Travel Guides. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
7. Levin, Theodore C. "Kazakhstan". National Geographic World Music. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
8. Mirseitova, Sapargul (2005). "Kazakhstan and Its People" (PDF). WLT Kids. World Literature Today. Archived from the original (pdf) on May 25, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
9. Broughton, Simon; Mark Ellingham (2000). World Music. James McConnachie. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
10. "Montenegrin Music". Visit Montenegro. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
11. "'Spinning Out of Control': Rhetoric and Violent Conflict" (pdf). June 1, 2006. p. 4. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
12. "Cobza". Eliznik. 2005. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
13. Golos, George S. (January 1961). "Kirghiz Instruments and Instrumental Music". Ethnomusicology. Ethnomusicology, Vol. 5, No. 1. 5 (1): 42–48. doi:10.2307/924307. JSTOR 924307.
14. Roger Vetter. "Mandolin - Neapolitan". Grinnell College Musical Instrument Collection. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
15. Jahnel, Franz; Nicholas Clarke (2000). Manual of Guitar Technology: Chords Especially for Lefties. Bold Strummer. ISBN 0-933224-99-0.
16. Project Results (pdf). The Music Inter-Cultural X-Change: Project for Peace in Israelpublisher=The Boston Conservatory. p. 2. Retrieved December 26, 2007.
17. Millward, James. "From Camelback to Carnegie Hall: the Global Journey and Modern Makeover of the Pipa". AAS Annual Meeting. Retrieved December 22, 2007.
18. Doubleday, Veronica (2000). "Afghanistan: Red Light at the Crossroads". In Broughton, Simon; Mark Ellingham; James McConnachie; Orla Duane (eds.). World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. pp. 3–7. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
19. "Saz". Glossary. National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2007. Considered the national instrument of Turkey.
20. Koprulu, Mehmed Fuad; Devin DeWeese (2006). Early Mystics in Turkish Literature. Translated by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36686-0.
21. "Croatia". National Geographic World Music. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
22. Erdely, Stephen (1979). "Ethnic Music in the United States: An Overview". Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council. Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council, Vol. 11. 11: 114–137. doi:10.2307/767568. JSTOR 767568. The tamburitza... is the national instrument of the Croatians.