List of literary descriptions of cities (before 1550)

Literary descriptions of cities (also known as urban descriptiones) form a literary genre that originated in Ancient Greek epideictic rhetoric.[1][2][3][4] They can be prose or poetry. Many take the form of an urban eulogy (variously referred to as an encomium urbis, laudes urbium, encomium civis, laus civis, laudes civitatum; or in English: urban or city encomium, panegyric, laudation or praise poem) which praise their subject.[2][3][4][5] Laments to a city's past glories are sometimes also included in the genre.[3][4] Descriptiones often mix topographical information with abstract material on the spiritual and legal aspects of the town or city, and with social observations on its inhabitants.[1][4] They generally give a more extended treatment of their urban subject than is found in an encyclopedia or general geographical work. Influential examples include Benedict's Mirabilia Urbis Romae of around 1143.[1]

Initial folio of De laude Cestrie, a c.1195 eulogy to the English town of Chester

The Greek rhetorician Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in the first century AD, was the first to prescribe the form of a eulogy to a city in detail. Features he touches on include the city's location, size and beauty; the qualities of its river; its temples and secular buildings; its origin and founder, and the acts of its citizens.[3] The Roman rhetorician Quintilian expounds on the form later in the first century, stressing praise of the city's founder and prominent citizens, as well as the city's site and location, fortifications and public works such as temples.[2][5] The third-century rhetorician Menander expands on the guidelines further, including advice on how to turn a city's bad points into advantages.[3] These works were probably not directly available to medieval writers,[1] but the form is outlined in many later grammar primers, including those by Donatus and Priscian.[2][3][5] Priscian's Praeexercitamina, a translation into Latin of a Greek work by Hermogenes, was a particular influence on medieval authors.[3]

Surviving late Roman examples of descriptiones include Ausonius's Ordo Nobilium Urbium, a fourth-century Latin poem that briefly describes thirteen cities including Milan and Bordeaux.[1][3] Rutilius Namatianus's De reditu suo is a longer poem dating from the early fifth century that includes a section praising Rome.[3]

Numerous medieval examples have survived, mainly but not exclusively in Latin, the earliest dating from the eighth century.[1][3] They adapt the classical form to Christian theology.[1][2][3][5] The form was popularised by widely circulated guidebooks intended for pilgrims.[1] Common topics include the city walls and gates, markets, churches and local saints; descriptiones were sometimes written as a preface to the biography of a saint.[1] The earliest examples are in verse. The first known prose example was written in around the tenth century, and later medieval examples were more often written in prose.[1] Milan and Rome are the most frequent subjects, and there are also examples describing many other Italian cities.[1] Outside Italy, pre-1400 examples are known for Chester, Durham, London, York and perhaps Bath in England,[1][2][3][6] Newborough in Wales,[2] and Angers, Paris and Senlis in France.[1][7] The form spread to Germany in the first half of the 15th century, with Nuremberg being the most commonly described city.[8]

J. K. Hyde, who surveyed the genre in 1966, considers the evolution of descriptiones written before 1400 to reflect "the growth of cities and the rising culture and self-confidence of the citizens", rather than any literary progression.[1] Later medieval examples tend to be more detailed and less generic than early ones, and to place an increasing emphasis on secular over religious aspects. For example, Bonvesin della Riva's 1288 description of Milan, De Magnalibus Urbis Mediolani, contains a wealth of detailed facts and statistics about such matters as local crops. These trends were continued in Renaissance descriptiones, which flourished from the early years of the 15th century,[1] especially after the popularisation of the printing press from the middle of that century.[8]

Selected examples

The following chronological list presents urban descriptions and eulogies written before the end of the 14th century, based mainly on the reviews of Hyde[1] and Margaret Schlauch,[3] with a selection from the many examples written from 1400 to 1550.

Title	Date	Author	City	Country	Format	Language	Notes
Ordo Nobilium Urbium	4th century	Ausonius	Various		Poetry	Latin	[1][3]
De reditu suo	Early 5th century	Rutilius Namatianus	Rome	Italy	Poetry	Latin	[3]
Laudes Mediolanensis civitatis	~738		Milan	Italy	Poetry	Latin	Or Versum de Mediolano civitate[1][3][9]
De laude Pampilone epistola	7th century		Pamplona	Spain	Prose	Latin	The laudatio is known from a composite with an unrelated text dating from c. 410[10]
Poema de Pontificibus et Sanctis Eboracensis Ecclesiae	Early or mid-780s	Alcuin	York	England	Poetry	Latin	[3][11]
Versus de Destructione Aquileiae	Late 8th century	Paulinus of Aquileia or Paul the Deacon	Aquileia	Italy	Poetry	Latin	Attribution disputed[3][9]
Laudes Veronensis Civitatis	796–806		Verona	Italy	Poetry	Latin	Or Veronae rhythmica, Versus de Verona[1][3][9]
The Ruin	8th – late 9th century		An unnamed Roman spa, probably Bath	England	Poetry	Old English	Date uncertain; subject has also been suggested to be Chester or a town near Hadrian's Wall[6][12]
Versus de Aquilegia	844–855		Aquileia	Italy	Poetry	Latin	[3]
De Situ Civitatis Mediolani	~780–1000		Milan	Italy	Prose	Latin	Or De situ urbis Mediolanensis[1]
Durham	Mid-11th century to ~1107		Durham	England	Poetry	Old English	Or De situ Dunelmi; date disputed[3][6][13]
Liber Pergaminus	1112–33	Moses de Brolo	Bergamo	Italy	Poetry	Latin	[1]
Mirabilia Urbis Romae	~1140–43	Benedict	Rome	Italy	Prose	Latin	[1][4]
Descriptio Nobilissimae Civitatis Londoniae	1173–74	William Fitzstephen	London	England	Prose	Latin	Or Descriptio Nobilissimi Civitatis Londoniae[1][2][4][7]
De mirabilibus urbis Romae	1150–1200	Master Gregory	Rome	Italy		Latin	[1][4]
De laude Cestrie	~1195	Lucian of Chester	Chester	England	Prose	Latin	Or Liber Luciani de laude Cestrie[1][5][7]
In Ymagines historiarum	~1180–1200	Ralph de Diceto	Angers	Angevin Empire	Prose	Latin	[7]
Graphia Aureae Urbis Romae	~1154–1280		Rome	Italy		Latin	[1]
De Laude Civitatis Laude	~1253–59	An unnamed Franciscan	Lodi	Italy	Poetry	Latin	[1]
De Magnalibus Urbis Mediolani	1288	Bonvesin della Riva	Milan	Italy	Prose	Latin	[1]
De Mediolano Florentissima Civitate	~1316	Benzo d'Alessandria	Milan	Italy	Prose	Latin	[1]
Visio Egidii Regis Patavii	~1318	Giovanni da Nono	Padua	Italy	Prose	Latin	[1]
Recommentatio Civitatis Parisiensis	1323		Paris	France	Prose	Latin	[1]
Tractatus de Laudibus Parisius	1323	Jean de Jandun	Paris, Senlis	France	Prose	Latin	Written in response to Recommentatio Civitatis Parisiensis[1]
Libellus de Descriptione Papie	1330	Opicino de Canistris	Pavia	Italy	Prose	Latin	Or Liber de laudibus civitatis Ticinensis[1]
Polistoria de virtutibus et dotibus Romanorum	1320–46	Giovanni Caballini	Rome	Italy	Prose	Latin	[14][15]
Cronaca Extravagans	1329–39	Galvano Fiamma	Milan	Italy	Prose	Latin	Contains material from Bonvesin della Riva's text[1]
Cronica Book XI	1338	Giovanni Villani	Florence	Italy	Prose	Italian	[1]
Florentie Urbis et Reipublice Descriptio	1339		Florence	Italy	Prose	Latin	Manuscript is untitled[1]
Cywydd Rhosyr	Mid 14th century	Dafydd ap Gwilym	Newborough	Wales	Poetry	Welsh	Date and attribution uncertain[2][16]
Laudatio florentinae urbis	~1400	Leonardo Bruni	Florence	Italy	Prose	Latin	[1]
Laudatio Urbis Romae et Constantinopolis	~1411	Manuel Chrysoloras	Rome	Italy	Prose	Greek	[17]
"O wunnikliches Paradis"	1414–18 or after 1430	Oswald von Wolkenstein	Konstanz	Holy Roman Empire	Poetry	German	Von Wolkenstein also wrote poems on other cities, including Nuremberg and Augsberg[18]
Descriptio urbis Romae eiusque excellentiae	~1430	Niccolò Signorili	Rome	Italy	Prose	Latin	[17][19]
Roma instaurata	1446	Flavio Biondo	Rome	Italy	Prose	Latin	[19][20][21]
Lobspruch auf Nürnberg	1447	Hans Rosenplüt (de)	Nuremberg	Germany	Poetry	German	[8][14][22]
Ye Solace of Pilgrimes	~1450	John Capgrave	Rome	Italy	Prose	Middle English	[4]
Canmol Croesoswallt	Mid 15th century	Guto'r Glyn	Oswestry	England	Poetry	Welsh	[2][16][23]
I Varedydd ab Hywel ab Morus, ac i Drev Croes Oswallt	Mid 15th century	Lewys Glyn Cothi	Oswestry	England	Poetry	Welsh	[2][16]
"Y ddewistref ddiestron"	Mid 15th century	Ieuan ap Gruffudd Leiaf	Conwy	Wales	Poetry	Welsh	[2][16]
Die Bamberger Traktate	1452	Albrecht von Eyb	Bamberg	Germany		Latin	[8]
"[What a splendid appearance this city presents!]"	Late 1450s	Enea Silvio Piccolomini	Nuremberg	Germany	Prose	Latin	[14][22]
Lobspruch auf Bamberg	~1459	Hans Rosenplüt (de)	Bamberg	Germany	Poetry	German	[8]
Brodyr aeth i Baradwys	Late 15th century	Ieuan ap Huw Cae Llwyd (cy)	Brecon	Wales	Poetry	Welsh	[2][16]
"Cistiau da, 'n costio dierth"	End of the 15th century	Tudur Aled	Oswestry	England	Poetry	Welsh	[2][16]
Lobspruch auf Nürnberg	~1490–92	Kunz Has	Nuremberg	Germany	Poetry	German	[8][14][22]
De origine, situ, moribus et institutis Norimbergae	~1492–96	Conrad Celtis	Nuremberg	Germany	Prose	Latin	[8][14][22]
To the City of London	~1501	Sometimes attributed to William Dunbar	London	England	Poetry	English	Or In Honour of the City of London[2]
Tractatus de civitate Ulmensi	By 1502	Felix Fabri	Ulm	Germany		Latin	[8]
Blyth Aberdeane	~1511	William Dunbar	Aberdeen	Scotland	Poetry	Middle Scots	[2]
Ein Lobspruch der statt Nürnberg	~1530	Hans Sachs	Nuremberg	Germany	Poetry	German	Sachs also wrote praise poems to Salzburg (1549), Munich (1565), Frankfurt (1568) and Hamburg (1569)[8][14][18][22]
Ein Lobspruch der Hochloeblichen weitberuembten Khuenigklichen Stat Wienn in Osterreich	1547	Wolfgang Schmeltzl (de)	Vienna	Austria	Poetry	German	[8]

See also

• Guide book
• Travel literature

References

1. JK Hyde (1966), "Medieval descriptions of cities" (PDF), Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 48 (2): 308–40, doi:10.7227/BJRL.48.2.5
2. Helen Fulton (2006–2007), "The Encomium Urbis in Medieval Welsh Poetry", Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium, 26/27: 54–72, JSTOR 40732051
3. Margaret Schlauch (1941), "An Old English "Encomium Urbis"", Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 40 (1): 14–28, JSTOR 27704714
4. C. David Benson (2009), "The Dead and the Living: Some Medieval Descriptions of the Ruins and Relics of Rome Known to the English", in Albrecht Classen (ed.), Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 147–182, ISBN 978-3110223897
5. Mark Faulkner (2011), "The Spatial Hermeneutics of Lucian's De Laude Cestrie", in Catherine AM Clarke (ed.), Mapping the Medieval City: Space, Place and Identity in Chester, c. 1200–1600, University of Wales Press, ISBN 978-1783164615
6. Christopher Abram (2000), "In Search of Lost Time: Aldhelm and The Ruin" (PDF), Quaestio (Selected Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium in Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic), 1: 23–44
7. Antonia Gransden (1972), "Realistic Observation in Twelfth-Century England", Speculum, 47 (1): 29–51, doi:10.2307/2851214, JSTOR 2851214, S2CID 163505360
8. David Blamires (1990), "The portrayal of towns in sixteenth-century German Volksbŭcher" (PDF), Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 72 (3): 49–61, doi:10.7227/BJRL.72.3.4
9. Neil Christie (2006), From Constantine to Charlemagne: An Archaeology of Italy, AD 300–800, Ashgate Publishing, pp. 183–85, ISBN 1859284213
10. Roger Collins (1986), The Basques, Blackwell, pp. 67–69
11. D. A. Bullough (2010). "Alcuin (c.740–804)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/298. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
12. Anne L. Klinck (2001), The Old English Elegies: A Critical Edition and Genre Study, McGill-Queen's Press, pp. 15–16, 61–63, ISBN 0773522417
13. H. S. Offler (1962), "The Date of Durham (Carmen de Situ Dunelmi)", Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 61 (3): 591–94, JSTOR 27714086
14. Albrecht Classen (2009), "Hans Sachs and his Encomia Songs on German Cities: Zooming Into and Out of Urban Space from a Poetic Perspective. With a Consideration of Hartmann Schedel's Liber Chronicarum (1493)", in Albrecht Classen (ed.), Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 567–94, ISBN 978-3110223897
15. Daniel Williman (1999), "Reviewed Work: Polistoria de virtutibus et dotibus Romanorum by Ioannis Caballini de Cerronibus", International Journal of the Classical Tradition, 5: 489–91, JSTOR 30222468
16. Dafydd Johnston (2012), "Towns in Medieval Welsh Poetry", in Helen Fulton (ed.), Urban Culture in Medieval Wales, University of Wales Press, pp. 95–116, ISBN 978-0708323526
17. Charles L. Stinger (1998), The Renaissance in Rome, Indiana University Press, pp. 72–75, ISBN 0253334918
18. Albrecht Classen (2009), "Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age: Historical, Mental, Cultural, and Social-Economic Investigations", in Albrecht Classen (ed.), Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 75–81, 136–37, ISBN 978-3110223897
19. Elizabeth McCahill (2013), Reviving the Eternal City, Harvard University Press, pp. 21, 26–33, 169–181, ISBN 978-0674726154
20. Ruth Elisabeth Kritzer (2010), "Renaissance Rome Descriptions in Comparison", Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 72 (1): 113–25, JSTOR 20680045
21. Jeffrey A. White (2012), "Reviewed Work: Rome Restaurée: Roma Instaurata, Tome II Livres II et III by Flavio Biondo", Renaissance Quarterly, 65: 1169–70, doi:10.1086/669350, JSTOR 10.1086/669350
22. Stephen Brockmann (2006), Nuremberg: The Imaginary Capital, Camden House, pp. 16–19, ISBN 1571133453
23. E. A. Rees (2008), A Life of Guto'r Glyn, Y Lolfa, pp. 100–3, ISBN 978-0862439712