List of lighthouses in Chile: NGA1820–NGA2043
Gulf of Corcovado
It. | NGA/Int number |
Location | Coordinates | Light characteristic |
Height (ft/m) Range (nmi) |
Structure description |
Height (ft) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
363 | 1820 G 1623 |
Roca Naranjo, off N. end of Isla Talcán. | 42°41.3′S 73°00.0′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 21 6 2 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 10. | |
364 | 1824 G 1622 |
Punta Chana. | 42°46.2′S 72°51.2′W | Fl.(3)W. period 9s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 4.7s | 30 9 7 | White concrete tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 344°-180°. |
365 | 1826 G 1621 |
Punta García. | 42°56.0′S 72°48.5′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 1s, ec. 4s | 16 5 9 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 11. | Visible 117°-290° 30′ . |
366 | 1828 G 1620 |
Punta Piedra Blanca. | 42°54.7′S 72°43.2′W | Fl.W. period 10s fl. 1s, ec. 9s | 20 6 9 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 074°-122°. |
367 | 1836 G 1610 |
Punta Chomio. | 42°53.0′S 73°27.8′W | Fl.(4)W. period 12s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 5.7s | 39 12 7 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 26. | Visible 165°-032°. |
368 | 1840 G 1611 |
Punta Queilén. | 42°54.2′S 73°29.1′W | Fl.G. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 23 7 5 | Green fiberglass tower; | 13. | |
369 | 1848 G 1613 |
Islote Conejos. | 42°54.7′S 73°35.7′W | Fl.(2)W. period 10s fl. 0.5s, ec. 2.4s fl. 0.5s, ec. 6.6s | 46 14 6 | Black fiberglass tower, red band; | 18. | |
370 | 1852 G 1606 |
Isla Tranqui, on Punta Centinela. | 43°01.0′S 73°20.0′W | Fl.(3)W. period 9s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 4.7s | 105 32 7 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 26. | Visible 141°-026°. |
371 | 1856 G 1604 |
Estero Huildad, on point, N. side of entrance. | 43°04.2′S 73°30.8′W | Fl.R. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 41 12 6 | Red fiberglass tower; | 18. | Visible 231°-311°. |
372 | 1868 G 1603 |
Rampa Quellón. | 43°07.0′S 73°38.0′W | Fl.G. period 5s fl. 1s, ec. 4s | 33 10 8 | PORT (B) G, pillar; | 18. | |
373 | 1872 G 1598 |
Punta Dirección, Isla Cailín. | 43°10.3′S 73°29.9′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 1s, ec. 4s | 30 9 6 | White round concrete tower, red band; | 20. | Visible 216°-020°. |
374 | 1874 G 1599 |
Punta Yelcho. | 43°12.4′S 73°35.8′W | Fl.(3)W. period 9s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 4.7s | 26 8 6 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 16. | Visible 300°-226°. |
375 | 1876 G 1597 |
Isla Mauchil. | 43°15.6′S 73°40.1′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 26 8 7 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 145°-005°. |
376 | 1880 G 1596 |
Isla Laitec, S. extremity. | 43°16.2′S 73°34.5′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.1s, ec. 4.9s | 95 29 13 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 26. | Visible 186°-090°. |
377 | 1884 G 1590 |
Islotes Queitao. | 43°43.5′S 73°29.9′W | Fl.W. period 10s fl. 0.2s, ec. 9.8s | 423 129 14 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 26. | |
378 | 1888 G 1592 |
Guafo Island RACON |
43°33.8′S 74°50.0′W | Fl.W. period 10s fl. 0.2s, ec. 9.8s G(– – •) |
472 144 19 25 |
White round fiberglass tower, two-story dwelling; | 26. | Visible 359°-235°. |
379 | 1892 G 1589 |
Falsa Melinka, E. end of Isla Ascensión | 43°52.5′S 73°44.0′W | Fl.W. period 12s fl. 1s, ec. 11s | 26 8 10 | White fiberglass tower, red bands; | 13. | Visible 160°-010°. |
380 | 1896 G 1588 |
Melinka. | 43°54.2′S 73°44.8′W | Fl.R. period 6s fl. 0.5s, ec. 5.5s | 20 6 3 | Red iron pillar; | 16. | Visible 253°-105°. |
Moraleda Channel
It. | NGA/Int number |
Location | Coordinates | Light characteristic |
Height (ft/m) Range (nmi) |
Structure description |
Height (ft) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
381 | 1900 G 1586 |
Rada Palena. | 43°45.2′S 72°56.9′W | Fl.G. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 33 10 5 | White fiberglass tower, green upper part; | 11. | Visible 345°-097°. |
382 | 1904 G 1584 |
Islote Locos. | 43°59.2′S 73°27.1′W | Fl.W. period 15s fl. 0.7s, ec. 14.3s | 148 45 10 | White truncated conical concrete tower, red band; | 33. | |
383 | 1908 G 1581 |
Isla Mulchey. | 44°07.7′S 73°26.7′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 26 8 7 | White fiberglass tower, red bands; | 13. | Visible 198°-012°. |
384 | 1910 G 1583 |
Isla Garrao Chico. | 44°18.8′S 73°44.7′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 20 6 5 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 11. | Visible 014°-171°. |
385 | 1912 G 1582 |
Roca Negra, Canal Pérez Norte. | 44°06.3′S 73°45.2′W | Fl.(4)W. period 18s fl. 0.3s, ec. 2s fl. 0.3s, ec. 2s fl. 0.3s, ec. 2s fl. 0.3s, ec. 10.8s | 16 5 5 | White finned metal pile; | 10. | |
386 | 1916 G 1580 |
Isla El Gorro, N. end. | 44°18.1′S 73°27.8′W | Fl.(4)W. period 12s fl. 0.5s, ec. 1.5s fl. 0.5s, ec. 1.5s fl. 0.5s, ec. 1.5s fl. 0.5s, ec. 5.5s | 108 33 7 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 160°-006°. |
Jacaf Channel
It. | NGA/Int number |
Location | Coordinates | Light characteristic |
Height (ft/m) Range (nmi) |
Structure description |
Height (ft) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
387 | 1917 G 1580.4 |
Isla Vico. | 44°18.2′S 73°16.6′W | Fl.W. period 10s fl. 0.5s, ec. 9.5s | 43 13 5 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 11. | Visible 041°-287°. |
388 | 1917.2 G 1580.5 |
Roca Chacabuco. | 44°16.0′S 73°23.8′W | Fl.(2)W. period 10s fl. 0.5s, ec. 2.4s fl. 0.5s, ec. 6.6s | 56 17 6 | ISOLATED DANGER BRB, pillar, red band; | 52. | |
389 | 1917.5 G 1580.7 |
Roca Orestes. | 44°29.1′S 72°43.5′W | Fl.(3)W. period 9s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 4.7s | 16 5 5 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 11. | |
390 | 1920 G 1575.7 |
Paso Galvarino. | 44°23.5′S 72°36.5′W | Fl.(4)W. period 12s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 5.7s | 52 16 6 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 26. | Visible 168°-024°. |
391 | 1922 G 1575.8 |
N. end. | 44°22.8′S 72°36.2′W | Fl.G. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 13 4 4 | White fiberglass tower, red bands; | 11. | Visible 142°-357°. |
392 | 1924 G 1578 |
Peñón Blanco. | 44°23.1′S 73°32.3′W | Fl.W. period 10s fl. 0.5s, ec. 9.5s | 24 7 7 | White fiberglass tower, red bands; | 11. | |
393 | 1926 G 1576.5 |
Canal Pérez Sur, Isla Brieva. | 44°37.2′S 73°52.0′W | Fl.(3)W. period 9s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 4.7s | 15 5 5 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 11. | Visible 145°-340°. |
394 | 1928 G 1577.5 |
Punta Calquemán. | 44°38.5′S 73°27.2′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 30 9 7 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 010°-212°. |
395 | 1932 G 1577 |
Cayo Blanco, N. side of entrance to Puerto Frances. | 44°47.0′S 73°32.2′W | Fl.(3)W. period 9s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 4.7s | 59 18 6 | White truncated conical concrete tower, red band; | 33. | |
396 | 1934 G 1576.3 |
Islote Cervantes. | 44°52.9′S 73°42.2′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 20 6 6 | White fiberglass tower, red bands; | 11. | Visible 083°-290°. |
Puyuguapi Channel
It. | NGA/Int number |
Location | Coordinates | Light characteristic |
Height (ft/m) Range (nmi) |
Structure description |
Height (ft) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
397 | 1936 G 1575.2 |
Isla San Andrés. | 44°56.2′S 73°19.8′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 1s, ec. 4s | 33 10 6 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 18. | Visible 278°-112°. |
398 | 1940 G 1575.3 |
Islote Marta. | 44°49.3′S 72°58.5′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.3s, ec. 4.7s | 20 6 5 | White column, red band, concrete base; | 13. | Visible 221°-043°. |
399 | 1944 G 1575.5 |
Puerto Cisnes. | 44°43.5′S 72°41.9′W | Fl.G. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 30 9 3 | Green fiberglass tower; | 13. | Visible 298°-158°. |
400 | 1948 G 1576 |
Isla Tuap. | 44°55.8′S 73°31.0′W | Fl.(4)W. period 12s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 5.7s | 39 12 6 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 029°-234°. |
401 | 1952 G 1574 |
Islote Eugenia. | 44°59.0′S 73°28.6′W | Fl.W. period 10s fl. 0.5s, ec. 9.5s | 23 7 6 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 159°-017°. |
402 | 1956 G 1575 |
Islote El Morro. | 45°08.3′S 73°37.9′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.1s, ec. 4.9s | 230 70 13 | White truncated conical concrete tower, red band; | 23. | |
403 | 1960 G 1573.5 |
Islote Precaución. | 45°09.5′S 73°29.9′W | Fl.R. period 10s fl. 0.5s, ec. 9.5s | 39 12 7 | Red fiberglass tower; | 13. | Visible 010°-231°. |
404 | 1962 G 1573.4 |
Roca West. | 45°12.8′S 73°31.7′W | Fl.(2)G. period 10s fl. 0.5s, ec. 2.4s fl. 0.5s, ec. 6.6s | 15 5 6 | White fiberglass tower, green band; | 11. | |
405 | 1964 G 1573.3 |
Islote Boina. | 45°12.9′S 73°31.2′W | Fl.R. period 3s fl. 0.3s, ec. 2.7s | 59 18 5 | Red fiberglass tower; | 20. | Visible 342°-201°. |
406 | 1968 G 1568.8 |
Islote Santa María. | 45°19.6′S 73°41.3′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 25 8 6 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 107°-012°. |
407 | 1970 G 1573 |
Isla Colorada. | 45°20.7′S 73°21.2′W | Fl.W. period 10s fl. 0.5s, ec. 9.5s | 20 6 8 | White fiberglass tower, red bands; | 11. | Visible 296°-216°. |
Pilcomayo Channel
It. | NGA/Int number |
Location | Coordinates | Light characteristic |
Height (ft/m) Range (nmi) |
Structure description |
Height (ft) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
408 | 1972 G 1571 |
Isla Carvallo, S. end. | 45°16.4′S 73°27.8′W | Fl.(3)W. period 9s fl. 0.5s, ec. 1.5s fl. 0.5s, ec. 1.5s fl. 0.5s, ec. 4.5s | 39 12 6 | White fiberglass tower, red bands; | 20. | Visible 346°-154°. |
409 | 1976 G 1571.5 |
Punta Elisa, NE. side of Island. | 45°18.1′S 73°19.6′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 23 7 7 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 11. | Visible 095°-274°. |
Seno Aysén
It. | NGA/Int number |
Location | Coordinates | Light characteristic |
Height (ft/m) Range (nmi) |
Structure description |
Height (ft) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
410 | 1980 G 1571.7 |
Caleta Bluff, N. side of bay. | 45°28.2′S 72°52.0′W | Fl.W. period 10s fl. 0.5s, ec. 9.5s | 56 17 8 | White fiberglass tower, red bands; | 11. | Visible 076°-237°. |
411 | 1982 G 1572.6 |
Puerto Chacabuco, SE. Range, front. | 45°28.3′S 72°49.1′W | Fl.(4)R. period 12s fl. 0.4s, ec. 1.6s fl. 0.4s, ec. 1.6s fl. 0.4s, ec. 1.6s fl. 0.4s, ec. 5.6s | 39 12 3 | Red fiberglass tower; | 26. | Visible 060°-180°. |
412 | 1982.1 G 1572.61 |
Rear, 149° from front. | 45°28.4′S 72°49.0′W | Fl.(4)R. period 12s fl. 0.4s, ec. 1.6s fl. 0.4s, ec. 1.6s fl. 0.4s, ec. 1.6s fl. 0.4s, ec. 5.6s | 69 21 3 | Red fiberglass tower; | 10. | Visible 060°-180°. |
413 | 1982.2 G 1572.55 |
Ferry Terminal D Range, front. | 45°28.2′S 72°49.0′W | F.R. | 43 13 4 | Iron post, red triangular daymark, yellow band; | 41. | Visible 060°-180°. |
414 | 1982.3 G 1572.551 |
Rear, 43.5 meters 124° from front. | 45°28.2′S 72°49.0′W | Fl.R. period 3s fl. 1s, ec. 2s | 63 19 4 | Red metal post, triangular daymark point down, yellow band; | 23. | Visible 060°-180°. |
415 | 1982.4 G 1572.4 |
NE. Range, front. | 45°27.9′S 72°49.1′W | Fl.(3)G. period 9s fl. 0.5s, ec. 1.5s fl. 0.5s, ec. 1.5s fl. 0.5s, ec. 4.5s | 72 22 5 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 10. | Visible 013°-123°. Two range beacons in line 051°, Fl(3) R 9s, 140 meters SW. |
416 | 1982.5 G 1572.41 |
Rear, 30 meters 056° from front. | 45°27.9′S 72°49.1′W | Fl.(3)G. period 9s fl. 0.5s, ec. 1.5s fl. 0.5s, ec. 1.5s fl. 0.5s, ec. 4.5s | 82 25 5 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 26. | Visible 013°-123°. |
417 | 1984 G 1572 |
Punta Barruel. | 45°24.8′S 72°48.6′W | Fl.R. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 16 5 3 | Red fiberglass tower; | 13. | Visible 023°-263°. |
Errázuriz Channel
It. | NGA/Int number |
Location | Coordinates | Light characteristic |
Height (ft/m) Range (nmi) |
Structure description |
Height (ft) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
418 | 1988 G 1570.5 |
Islote Errázuriz. | 45°32.0′S 73°48.7′W | Fl.W. period 10s fl. 1s, ec. 9s | 23 7 6 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 20. | Visible 201°-031°. |
419 | 1992 G 1570 |
Islote Diego. | 45°40.0′S 73°51.8′W | Fl.(4)W. period 12s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 5.7s | 33 10 7 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 18. | Visible 191°-033°. |
420 | 1996 G 1570.6 |
Isla Raimapu. | 45°48.6′S 73°34.8′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 29 9 11 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 223°-083°. |
421 | 2000 G 1570.65 |
Islote Los Mogotes. | 45°57.0′S 73°39.0′W | Fl.G. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 23 7 4 | Green fiberglass tower; | 13. | Visible 145°-060°. |
Darwin Channel
It. | NGA/Int number |
Location | Coordinates | Light characteristic |
Height (ft/m) Range (nmi) |
Structure description |
Height (ft) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
422 | 2004 G 1569 |
Isla Mitahues. | 45°24.7′S 73°44.6′W | Fl.(4)W. period 12s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 5.7s | 174 53 5 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 11. | Visible 230°-096° 30′ . |
423 | 2008 G 1568.5 |
Islote del Pangal. | 45°27.0′S 73°49.6′W | Fl.(3)W. period 9s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 4.7s | 20 6 6 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 050°-250°. |
424 | 2012 G 1568.3 |
Punta Mayhew. | 45°27.2′S 73°54.3′W | Fl.G. period 3s fl. 0.3s, ec. 2.7s | 13 4 5 | Green fiberglass tower; | 6. | Visible 265°-124°. |
425 | 2014 G 1568.2 |
Islote Maipo. | 45°27.0′S 73°55.3′W | Fl.R. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 16 5 5 | Red fiberglass tower; | 13. | Visible 128°-348°. |
426 | 2016 G 1568 |
Isla Quemada, Darwin Channel, W. end | 45°25.2′S 74°01.6′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 26 8 5 | White truncated conical concrete tower, red bands; | 20. | Visible 284°-111°. |
427 | 2020 G 1567 |
Punta Quilán. | 45°23.6′S 74°07.6′W | Fl.(3)W. period 9s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 4.7s | 26 8 5 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 064°-297°. |
428 | 2024 G 1565 |
Roca Pájaros. | 45°24.0′S 74°11.0′W | Fl.(2+1)R. period 14s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 3.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 7.7s | 26 8 6 | Red fiberglass tower, green bands; | 13. | |
429 | 2028 G 1564.5 |
Isla Isquiliac. | 45°25.4′S 74°20.9′W | Fl.W. period 10s fl. 1s, ec. 9s | 23 7 10 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 274°-120°. |
430 | 2032 G 1564 |
Isla Auchilú. | 45°20.5′S 74°34.7′W | Fl.W. period 15s fl. 0.3s, ec. 14.7s | 230 70 15 | White truncated conical concrete tower, red bands; | 33. | Visible 210°-090°. |
431 | 2036 G 1563 |
Isla Inchemo. RACON |
45°48.5′S 74°58.4′W | Fl.W. period 10s fl. 0.2s, ec. 9.8s M(– –) |
105 32 14 | White concrete tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 231°-118°. |
432 | 2037 G 1563.5 |
Isla Ricado. | 45°49.4′S 74°28.6′W | Fl.(4)W. period 12s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 5.7s 66 20 | 6 2 4 | White fiberglass tower with red band; | 13. | Visible 055°-219°. |
433 | 2037.5 G 1563.7 |
Isla Lucía. | 45°42.0′S 74°08.2′W | Fl.G. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 16 5 5 | Green fiberglass tower; | 13. | Visible 284°-108°. |
434 | 2038 G 1563.6 |
Punta Morro. | 45°46.2′S 74°20.0′W | Fl.(3)W. period 9s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 4.7s | 26 8 4 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 11. | Visible 090°-300°. |
435 | 2038.5 G 1563.8 |
Punta Urízar. | 45°41.7′S 74°16.7′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.3s, ec. 4.7s | 18 5 5 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 280°-080°. |
436 | 2039 G 1563.3 |
Isla Centro. | 45°47.2′S 74°40.2′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.4s, ec. 4.6s | 20 6 5 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 11. | Visible 258°-119°. |
437 | 2040 G 1562 |
Cabo Raper. | 46°49.1′S 75°38.0′W | Fl.W. period 5s fl. 0.1s, ec. 4.9s | 200 61 18 | White round concrete tower, dwelling; | 46. | Visible 331°-175°. |
438 | 2041 G 1563.2 |
Isla Dirección. | 45°48.9′S 74°46.3′W | Fl.(4)W. period 12s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 1.7s fl. 0.3s, ec. 5.7s | 33 10 5 | White fiberglass tower, red band; | 11. | Visible 060°-283°. |
439 | 2043 G 1558.49 |
Punta Piedras. -RACON |
49°16.2′S 75°29.0′W | Fl.W. period 10s fl. 0.2s, ec. 9.8s O(– – –) |
59 18 14 18 |
White fiberglass tower, red band; | 13. | Visible 245°-080°. |
References
- This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document: "Section 2: Chile". List of Lights, Radio Aids and Fog Signals: The West Coast of North and South America... National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. 2013. pp. 20–60.
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