List of lands protected by Theodore Roosevelt through executive action
Below is a list of lands set aside as national parks, reserves, or other conservatories by President Theodore Roosevelt via executive order or proclamation. During his presidency, Roosevelt issued nearly 10 times more executive orders than his predecessor.[1] Many lands started out as preserves, but were expanded by later presidents and made into national forests.
TR's conservation policies
A cornerstone of his actions focused on the issue of Conservation,[1] and Roosevelt set aside more national parks and nature preserves than all of his predecessors combined.[2][3] At the time, Roosevelt's executive action was controversial,[4] and many of his actions were brought before a court.[5]
As early as 1892, in his book The Wilderness Hunter, Theodore Roosevelt was calling for the state to take command of wilderness lands.[6][7]
San Isabel National Forest
The sign for the western unit of Lewis and Clark National Forest on U.S. Route 2
A grove of Populus tremuloides in the Fish Lake National Forest
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Huron National Wildlife Refuge
Brant goose nesting area at the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge
| Location | Date | Description | Executive Order or Proclamation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Colorado | April 11, 1902 | San Isabel Forest Reserve | Proclamation 467 |
| Arizona | April 11, 1902 | Santa Rita Forest Reserve | Proclamation 468 |
| Arizona | April 12, 1902 | San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve | Proclamation 469 |
| Nebraska | April 16, 1902 | Niobrara Forest Reserve | Proclamation 470 |
| Nebraska | April 16, 1902 | Dismal River Forest Reserve | Proclamation 471 |
| Wyoming | May 22, 1902 | Yellowstone Forest Reserve and Teton Forest Reserve | Proclamation 473 |
| Colorado | May 22, 1902 | Medicine Bow Forest Reserve | Proclamation 474 |
| Wyoming | May 22, 1902 | Big Horn Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 475 |
| Wyoming | June 13, 1902 | Yellowstone Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 477 |
| Colorado | June 28, 1902 | White River Forest Reserve | Proclamation 479 |
| Arizona | July 2, 1902 | Santa Catalina Forest Reserve | Proclamation 481 |
| Arizona | July 22, 1902 | Mount Graham Forest Reserve | Proclamation 485 |
| New Mexico | July 26, 1902 | Lincoln Forest Reserve | Proclamation 486 |
| Arizona | July 30, 1902 | Chiricahua Forest Reserve | Proclamation 487 |
| Montana | August 16, 1902 | Little Belt Forest Reserve | Proclamation 489 |
| Montana | August 16, 1902 | Madison Forest Reserve | Proclamation 490 |
| Alaska | August 20, 1902 | Alexander Archipelago Forest Reserve | Proclamation 491 |
| Montana | September 4, 1902 | Absaroka Forest Reserve | Proclamation 493 |
| Puerto Rico | January 17, 1903 | Loquillo Forest Reserve | Proclamation 495 |
| Wyoming | January 29, 1903 | Yellowstone National Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 496 |
| Utah | May 29, 1903 | Manti Forest Reserve | Proclamation 499 |
| Utah | May 29, 1903 | Logan Forest Reserve | Proclamation 500 |
| Montana | June 9, 1903 | Lewis and Clarke Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 501 |
| Utah | September 5, 1903 | Pocatello Forest Reserve | Proclamation 505 |
| Utah | October 24, 1903 | Aquarius Forest Reserve | Proclamation 507 |
| Utah | November 5, 1903 | Payson Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 509 |
| Montana | December 12, 1903 | Highwood Mountains Forest Reserve | Proclamation 511 |
| California | December 22, 1903 | Santa Barbara Forest Reserve | Proclamation 512 |
| Oregon | February 5, 1904 | Baker City Forest Reserve | Proclamation 515 |
| South Dakota | March 5, 1904 | Cave Hills Forest Reserve | Proclamation 517 |
| South Dakota | March 5, 1904 | Slim Buttes Forest Reserve | Proclamation 518 |
| Utah | May 2, 1904 | Fish Lake Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 522 |
| Wyoming and Montana | May 4, 1904 | Yellowstone National Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 524 |
| Utah | May 7, 1904 | Grantsville Forest Reserve | Proclamation 525 |
| Utah | May 26, 1904 | Salt Lake Forest Reserve | Proclamation 529 |
| California | November 29, 1904 | Warner Mountains Forest Reserve | Proclamation 534 |
| California | November 29, 1904 | Modoc Forest Reserve | Proclamation 535 |
| Colorado | December 6, 1904 | South Platte Forest Reserve | Proclamation 536 |
| Stump Lake, North Dakota | March 9, 1905 | Stump Lake (North Dakota) | E. O. 296-A |
| Arizona | March 20, 1905 | Pinal Mountains Forest Reserve | Proclamation 539 |
| California | March 27, 1905 | Plumas Forest Reserve | Proclamation 540 |
| California | April 26, 1905 | Trinity Forest Reserve | Proclamation 543 |
| California | May 6, 1905 | Klamath Forest Reserve | Proclamation 544 |
| Oregon | May 6, 1905 | Wallowa Forest Reserve | Proclamation 546 |
| Arizona | May 6, 1905 | Grand Canyon Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 547 |
| Oregon and Washington | May 12, 1905 | Wenaha Forest Reserve | Proclamation 548 |
| Colorado | May 12, 1905 | Leadville Forest Reserve | Proclamation 549 |
| Utah | May 12, 1905 | Sevier Forest Reserve | Proclamation 550 |
| Oregon | May 12, 1905 | Chesnimnus Forest Reserve | Proclamation 551 |
| Montana | May 12, 1905 | Elkhorn Forest Reserve | Proclamation 552 |
| Colorado | May 12, 1905 | Gunnison Forest Reserve | Proclamation 553 |
| Colorado | May 12, 1905 | Pikes Peak Forest Reserve | Proclamation 554 |
| Idaho | May 23, 1905 | Henrys Lake Forest Reserve | Proclamation 560 |
| Idaho | May 25, 1905 | Weiser Forest Reserve | Proclamation 561 |
| Idaho | May 29, 1905 | Sawtooth Forest Reserve | Proclamation 562 |
| California | June 2, 1905 | Lassen Peak Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 564 |
| Oregon | June 2, 1905 | Mauty Mountain Forest Reserve | Proclamation 565 |
| Idaho | June 3, 1905 | Payette Forest Reserve | Proclamation 566 |
| Colorado | June 3, 1905 | San Juan Forest Reserve | Proclamation 567 |
| Colorado | June 12, 1905 | Park Range Forest Reserve | Proclamation 569 |
| Colorado | June 12, 1905 | San Isabel Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 570 |
| Colorado | June 12, 1905 | Wet Mountains Forest Reserve | Proclamation 572 |
| Idaho | June 12, 1905 | Cassia Forest Reserve | Proclamation 573 |
| Colorado | June 13, 1905 | Cochetopa Forest Reserve | Proclamation 574 |
| Colorado | June 13, 1905 | Montezuma Forest Reserve | Proclamation 575 |
| Colorado | June 14, 1905 | Uncompahgre Forest Reserve | Proclamation 576 |
| California | July 15, 1905 | Diamond Mountain Forest Reserve | Proclamation 579 |
| New Mexico | July 21, 1905 | Gila Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 582 |
| Utah | July 21, 1905 | Payson Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 583 |
| South Dakota | July 22, 1905 | Short Pine National Forest | Proclamation 584 |
| Kansas | July 25, 1905 | Garden City Forest Reserve | Proclamation 585 |
| California | July 25, 1905 | Sierra Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 586 |
| Colorado | August 25, 1905 | Holy Cross Forest Reserve | Proclamation 592 |
| Utah | September 25, 1905 | Dixie Forest Reserve | Proclamation 593 |
| Montana | October 3, 1905 | Madison Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 594 |
| Montana | October 3, 1905 | Big Belt Forest Reserve | Proclamation 595 |
| California | October 3, 1905 | Shasta Forest Reserve | Proclamation 596 |
| California and Nevada | October 3, 1905 | Tahoe Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 597 |
| Arizona | October 3, 1905 | Tonto Forest Reserve | Proclamation 598 |
| Montana | October 3, 1905 | Hell Gate Forest Reserve | Proclamation 599 |
| New Mexico | October 3, 1905 | Lincoln Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 600 |
| New Mexico | October 3, 1905 | Portales Forest Reserve | Proclamation 601 |
| Montana | October 3, 1905 | Little Belt Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 602 |
| Anna Maria, Florida | October 10, 1905 | Passage Key National Wildlife Refuge | 357-B |
| Isle Royal, Michigan | October 10, 1905 | Siskiwit Lake (Isle Royale) | 357-C |
| Marquette County, Michigan | October 10, 1905 | Huron National Wildlife Refuge | 357-D |
| New Mexico | October 12, 1905 | Jemez Forest Reserve | Proclamation 603 |
| South Dakota | October 31, 1905 | Black Hills Forest Reserve | 365-B |
| Louisiana | November 11, 1905 | Breton Island Reservation | 369-A |
| California | November 11, 1905 | Yuba Forest Reserve | Proclamation 606 |
| Florida | February 10, 1906 | Indian Key Reservation | 409 |
| Arizona | June 30, 1906 | Black Mesa Forest Reserve (Expanded) | Proclamation 606 |
| Louisiana | August 8, 1907 | Tern Islands Reservation | 675 |
| Louisiana | August 17, 1907 | Shell Keys Reservation | 682 |
| Oregon | October 14, 1907 | Three Arch Rocks Reservation | 699 |
| Washington | October 23, 1907 | Flattery Rocks Reservation | 703 |
| Washington | October 23, 1907 | Copalis Rock Reservation | 704 |
| Washington | October 23, 1907 | Quillayute Needles Reservation | 705 |
| Louisiana | December 7, 1907 | East Timbalier Island Reservation | 718 |
| Florida | February 24, 1908 | Mosquito Inlet Reservation | 763 |
| Florida | April 6, 1908 | Tortugas Keys Reservation | 779 |
| Idaho and Utah | May 26, 1908 | Pocatello National Forest (Expanded) | 801 |
| Utah | May 26, 1908 | Cache National Forest | 802 |
| Oregon | June 13, 1908 | Whitman National Forest | 813 |
| Oregon | June 13, 1908 | Malheur National Forest | 814 |
| Oregon | June 13, 1908 | Umatilla National Forest | 815 |
| Oregon | June 13, 1908 | Deschutes National Forest | 816 |
| Oregon | June 13, 1908 | Fremont National Forest | 817 |
| Washington | June 18, 1908 | Columbia National Forest | 820 |
| Washington | June 18, 1908 | Chelan National Forest | 823 |
| Washington | June 18, 1908 | Snoqualmie National Forest | 824 |
| Washington | June 18, 1908 | Wenatchee National Forest | 825 |
| Utah | June 18, 1908 | Neba National Forest | 827 |
| Montana | June 25, 1908 | Blackfeet National Forest | 834 |
| Montana | June 25, 1908 | Flathead National Forest | 835 |
| Colorado | June 25, 1908 | Routt National Forest | 837 |
| Colorado | June 25, 1908 | Hayden National Forest | 830 |
| Idaho | June 26, 1908 | Challis National Forest | 840 |
| Idaho | June 26, 1908 | Salmon National Forest | 841 |
| Idaho | June 26, 1908 | Pend Oreille National Forest | 844 |
| Idaho | June 26, 1908 | Kanikau National Forest | 845 |
| California | June 26, 1908 | Angeles National Forest | 846 |
| California | June 26, 1908 | San Luis National Forest | 847 |
| New Mexico | June 26, 1908 | Carson National Forest | 848 |
| Wyoming | June 26, 1908 | Sundance National Forest | 850 |
| Idaho | June 26, 1908 | Idaho National Forest | 855 |
| Idaho | June 26, 1908 | Boise National Forest | 857 |
| Oregon | June 30, 1908 | Siuslaw National Forest | 860 |
| Wyoming | June 30, 1908 | Cheyenne National Forest | 861 |
| Oregon | June 30, 1908 | Cascade National Forest | 863 |
| Oregon | June 30, 1908 | Oregon National Forest | 864 |
| Oregon and California | June 13, 1908 | Cheyenne National Forest (Expanded) | 866 |
| Wyoming | July 1, 1908 | Targhee National Forest | 871 |
| Wyoming | July 1, 1908 | Teton National Forest | 872 |
| Wyoming | July 1, 1908 | Wyoming National Forest | 873 |
| Wyoming | July 1, 1908 | Bonneville National Forest | 874 |
| Montana | July 1, 1908 | Absaroka National Forest | 875 |
| Montana | July 1, 1908 | Beaverhead National Forest | 877 |
| Montana | July 1, 1908 | Deerlodge National Forest | 880 |
| Colorado | July 1, 1908 | Rio Grande National Forest | 887 |
| Colorado | July 1, 1908 | Pike National Forest | 888 |
| Colorado | July 1, 1908 | Arapaho National Forest | 893 |
| Colorado | July 1, 1908 | Battlement National Forest | 894 |
| Wyoming | July 1, 1908 | Shoshone National Forest | 895 |
| Montana | June 30, 1908 | Beartooth National Forest | 896 |
| California | July 2, 1908 | Lassen National Forest | 906 |
| California | July 2, 1908 | California National Forest | 907 |
| Florida | August 8, 1908 | Key West Reservation | 923 |
| Oregon | August 8, 1908 | Klamath Lake Reservation | 924 |
| Oregon | August 18, 1908 | Lake Malheur Reservation | 929 |
| North Dakota | August 28, 1908 | Chase Lake Reservation | 932 |
| Florida | September 15, 1908 | Pine Island Reservation | 939 |
| Florida | September 26, 1908 | Palma Sola Reservation | 942 |
| Florida | September 26, 1908 | Matlacha Pass Reservation | 943 |
| Florida | October 23, 1908 | Island Bay Reservation | 958 |
| Oregon | October 26, 1908 | Loch Katrine Reservation | 961 |
| Hawaii | February 3, 1909 | Hawaiian Islands Reservation | 1019 |
|
February 25, 1909 | Seventeen Reservations | 1032 |
| Alaska | February 27, 1909 | Bering Sea Reservation | 1037 |
| Alaska | February 27, 1909 | Fire Island Reservation | 1038 |
| Alaska | February 27, 1909 | Tuxedni Reservation | 1039 |
| Alaska | February 27, 1909 | Saint Lazaria Reservation | 1040 |
| Alaska | February 27, 1909 | Yukon Delta Reservation | 1041 |
| Puerto Rico | February 27, 1909 | Culebra Reservation | 1042 |
| California | February 27, 1909 | Farallon Reservation | 1043 |
| Alaska | February 27, 1909 | Pribilof Reservation | 1044 |
| Alaska | March 3, 1909 | Bogoslof Reservation | 1049 |
References
- The Debate Over Executive Orders Began With Teddy Roosevelt’s Mad Passion for Conservation
- W. Todd Benson, President Theodore Roosevelt's Conservations Legacy (2003)
- Douglas Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (2010)
- Theodore Roosevelt, the making of a conservationist
- American Progressivism: A Reader
- People and Places of Nature and Culture, Intellect Books; University of Chicago Press
- The wilderness hunter, by Theodore Roosevelt. "We need, in the interest of the community at large, a rigid system of game laws rigidly enforced, and it is not only admissible, but one may almost say necessary, to establish, under the control of the State, great national forest reserves, which shall also be breeding grounds and nurseries for wild game"
External links
- Executive orders of Theodore Roosevelt
- Presidential Proclamations
- Film and the American Moral Vision of Nature: Theodore Roosevelt to Walt Disney, "Roosevelt was the first president to affirm the intercessory power of the state to regulate nature. He was the first president to nationalize nature on a large scale and make the state its guardian.", Michigan State University Press
- Transnational Nation: United States History in Global Perspective Since 1789, "The first of these dated from 1872 when Congress acted to preserve Yellowstone. But it was in the 1890s that moves to create national parks such as Yosemite spread, as part of the quest to sharpen American identity. This was precisely the moment that a wide reformation of American nationalism began. This nationalization of the spaces of nature accelerated with the 1906 National Monuments legislation (American Antiquities Act) under President Theodore Roosevelt, and in 1916 the National Park Service was created as a unified system to administer these national parks." Palgrave Macmillan Education Press
- The Nationalization of Nature, by Richard White
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