List of foreign nationals detained in Iran

Since the Iran hostage crisis, the Islamic Republic of Iran has engaged in a pattern of detaining foreign nationals for extended periods.[1] Dual nationals are particularly vulnerable to arbitrary detention because Iran does not recognize dual nationality, and if one of the nationalities is Iranian, does not recognise other claims of nationality or allow foreign diplomats to intervene on that person's behalf, in accord with the Master Nationality Rule.[2] According to the Center for Human Rights in Iran, the Iranian government has used imprisoned foreign nationals "as bargaining chips in its dealings with other nations."[3]

In November 2017, Reuters reported that Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) had arrested "at least 30 dual nationals during the past two years, mostly on spying charges."[4] According to Human Rights Watch, "Iranian authorities have violated detainees' due process rights and carried out a pattern of politically motivated arrests."[5]

In September 2019, on the sidelines of the Seventy-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly, families of dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran as well former dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran launched the "Alliance of Families Against State Hostage Taking."[6][7][8]

This list of current and former detainees in Iran excludes people abducted in other countries and brought into the country.

U.S. citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Emad Shargi	30 November 2020	In detention	65	Espionage / Spying	Sentenced to 10 years in January 2021. Had previously been cleared in December 2019	[9][10]
Michael White	July 2018	19 March 2020	~948			[11]
Morad Tahbaz	January 2018	In detention	~1129			[12]
Xiyue Wang	8 August 2016	7 December 2019	1216			[13]
Gholamreza (Reza) "Robin" Shahini	11 July 2016	21 March 2017	253			[14]
Karan Vafadari	20 July 2016	21 July 2018	731		Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran.	[15][16]
Baquer Namazi	22 February 2016	In detention	1808			[17]
Siamak Namazi	13 October 2015	In detention	1938			[18]
Nosratollah Khosravi-Roodsari	May 2015	16 January 2016	~260			[19]
Matthew Trevithick	7 December 2015	16 January 2016	39			[20]
Jason Rezaian	22 July 2014	16 January 2016	543			[21][22]
Saeed Abedini	28 July 2012	16 January 2016	1277			[22][23]
Afsaneh Azadeh	13 May 2012	September 2012	~111		Azadeh was released from detention to house arrest from September 2012 – November 2012. She was not permitted to leave the country until May 2013.	[24]
Amir Hekmati	29 August 2011	16 January 2016	1601			[22][25]
Joshua Fattal	31 July 2009	21 September 2011	782
Shane Bauer	31 July 2009	21 September 2011	782
Sarah Shourd	31 July 2009	14 September 2010	410
Roxana Saberi	31 January 2009	11 May 2009	100			[26]
Esha Momeni	15 October 2008	10 November 2008	26		Momeni was released on bail in November 2008 but she was not permitted to leave Iran until August 2009.	[27]
Reza Taghavi	May 2008	16 October 2010	~898			[28]
Nik Moradi	31 October 2007	15 April 2008	167			[29]
Kian Tajbakhsh	11 May 2007	19 September 2007	140
Ali Shakeri	8 May 2007	25 September 2007	140
Haleh Esfandiari	8 May 2007	21 August 2007	105			[30][31]
Dariush Zahedi	10 July 2003	9 November 2003	122			[32]
Daniel Baumann	10 January 1997	16 March 1997	65		Dual U.S.-Swiss citizen. Arrested with South African Stuart Timm.	[33]
Gerald Seib	31 January 1987	4 February 1987	4		Wall Street Journal reporter who had been visiting Iran with a group of journalists.	[34]
Jon Pattis	16 June 1986	October 1991	~1933	Sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1987 for espionage.		[35][36]
David Rabhan	1980	6 August 1990	~3837			[37]

U.S. permanent residents

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani	27 June 2020	In detention	221		Released on bail in February 2019 but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran and then arrested again in 2020.	[38]
Afarin Neyssari	20 July 2016	21 July 2018	731		Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran.	[15][16]

Iran hostage crisis detainees

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Notes
Cynthia Dwyer	5 May 1980	10 February 1981	281	Civilian. Freelance writer convicted on trumped-up charges of espionage and other crimes[39]
Mohi Sobhani	6 September 1980	4 February 1981	151	Civilian[40]
Thomas L. Ahern, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Clair Cortland Barnes	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
William E. Belk	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Robert O. Blucker	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Donald J. Cooke	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
William J. Daugherty	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Robert Englemann	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
William Gallegos	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Bruce W. German	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Duane L. Gillette	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Alan B. Golacinski	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
John E. Graves	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Joseph M. Hall	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Kevin J. Hermening	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Donald R. Hohman	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Leland J. Holland	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Michael Howland	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Charles A. Jones, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Malcolm K. Kalp	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Moorhead C. Kennedy, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
William F. Keough, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Steven W. Kirtley	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Kathryn L. Koob	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Frederick Lee Kupke	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Bruce Laingen	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Steven Lauterbach	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Gary E. Lee	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Paul Edward Lewis	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
John Limbert	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
John D. McKeel, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Michael J. Metrinko	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Jerry J. Miele	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Michael E. Moeller	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Bert C. Moore	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Richard Morefield	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Paul M. Needham, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Robert C. Ode	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Gregory A. Persinger	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Jerry Plotkin	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444	Civilian
Regis Ragan	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
David M. Roeder	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Barry M. Rosen	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
William B. Royer, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Thomas E. Schaefer	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Charles W. Scott	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Donald A. Sharer	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Rodney V. Sickmann	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Joseph Subic, Jr.	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Elizabeth Ann Swift	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Victor L. Tomseth	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Phillip R. Ward	4 November 1979	20 January 1981	444
Richard Queen	4 November 1979	11 July 1980	250
Wesley Williams	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Joan Walsh	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
David Walker	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Joseph Vincent	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Terri Tedford	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Neal Robinson	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Lloyd Rollins	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Elizabeth Montagne	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Lillian Johnson	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
James Hughes	4 November 1979	20 November 1979	16
Kathy Gross	4 November 1979	19 November 1979	15
Ladell Maples	4 November 1979	19 November 1979	15
William Quarles	4 November 1979	19 November 1979	15

British citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Kameel Ahmady	11 August 2019	17 November 2019	542		Released on bail. Fled the Regime[41]	[11][42]
Abbas Edalat	15 April 2018	December 2018	~230
Morad Tahbaz	January 2018	In detention	~1129		Born UK/US citizenship	[3]
Anoush Ashoori	August 2017	In detention	~1282	Convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad and sentenced to 12 years in prison.		[11]
Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe	3 April 2016	In detention	1767			[43]
Kamal Foroughi	5 May 2011	1 April 2020	3284			[44]
Ghoncheh Ghavami	20 June 2014	23 November 2014	156			[45]
Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht	October 2013	25 August 2017	~1424		Subject to travel ban after release. Unclear if she has been permitted to depart Iran.	[11][46]
Andrew Barber	21 June 2010	18 August 2010	58			[47]
Iason Athanasiadis	17 June 2009	5 July 2009	18		Also holds Greek citizenship.	[48][49]
Roger Cooper	7 December 1985	1 April 1991	1941			[50]
Frank Skinner	27 April 1981	13 April 1982	351	Flight engineer for Iran Air held without charge.		[51][52]
Andrew Pyke	27 August 1980	28 January 1982	519	British businessman who worked for Dutch-Iranian helicopter firm, accused of spying but was never charged.		[51]

List of British permanent residents

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Aras Amiri	14 March 2018	In detention	1057	Sentenced to 10 years in prison for spying.		[53]

Canadian citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Kavous Seyed-Emami	24 January 2018	8 February 2018	15		Died in custody under suspicious circumstances. Authorities say he committed suicide.	[12][54]
Abdolrasoul Dorri-Esfahani	August 2016	In detention	~1647	In May 2017, convicted on espionage charges, including "collaborating with the British secret service," and sentenced to five years in prison.		[55]
Homa Hoodfar	6 June 2016	26 September 2016	112	Undisclosed "security" charges	Before arrest, had been prevented from leaving country from March 2016.	[56]
Maziar Bahari	21 June 2009	17 October 2009	118			[57]
Hossein Derakhshan	1 November 2008	19 November 2014	2209	Sentenced to 19.5 years on "several national security, obscenity and religious insult charges in connection with his online activism."		[58]
Hamid Ghassemi-Shall	24 May 2008	23 September 2013	1948			[59]
Zahra Kazemi	23 June 2003	10 July 2003	17		Died in custody as a result of torture.	[60]
Ramin Jahanbegloo	27 April 2006	30 August 2006	125	Plotting a "velvet revolution"		[61]
Philip Engs	2 December 1986	8 February 1987	68			[62]

Canadian permanent residents

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Saeed Malekpour	4 October 2008	~August 2019	~3953		Escaped Iran while on furlough from prison.	[63][64]

Australian citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Jolie King	~1 July 2019	~5 October 2019	~96		Also holds British citizenship.	[11][65]
Mark Firkin	~1 July 2019	~5 October 2019	~96			[11][65]
Meimanat Hosseini-Chavoshi	December 2018	~27 January 2019	~57		Iranian authorities have reportedly prevented her from leaving the country.	[66][67]
Kylie Moore-Gilbert	September 2018	November 2020	~792	Espionage	Also holds British citizenship.	[68][69]

Lebanese citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Nizar Zakka	15 September 2015	11 June 2019	1395		Permanent resident of the U.S. at time of arrest.	[11]

French citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Roland Marchal	~June 2019	20 March 2020	~613			[70]
Fariba Adelkhah	~5 June 2019	In detention	~609			[71]
Nelly Erin-Cambervelle	21 October 2018	~21 February 2019	~123	"signing an illegal mining contract and carrying out an unauthorized trip"	Erin-Cambervelle is a businesswoman from the French Caribbean island of Martinique.	[72]
Nazak Afshar	12 March 2016	In detention	1789			[11]
Clotilde Reiss	1 July 2009	16 May 2010	319
Stéphane Lherbier	29 November 2005	25 February 2007	453		Detained with German Donald Klein.	[73]

French permanent residents

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Ruhollah Zam	~11 October 2019	Executed	~481			[74]

German citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Marcus Hellwig	10 October 2010	19 February 2011	132			[75]
Jens Koch	10 October 2010	19 February 2011	132			[75]
Donald Klein	29 November 2005	12 March 2007	468			[73][76]
Helmut Hofer	September 1997	January 2000	852	Initially sentenced to death for having illicit sexual relations with an Iranian woman.		[77][78]
Helmut Szimkus	1989	14 June 1994	~1957			[79][80]
Nahid Taghavi	12 October 2020	In detention				[81]

Austrian citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Massud Mossaheb	January 2019	In detention	~764			[82]
Kamran Ghaderi	2 January 2016	In detention	1859			[11]

Russian citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Yulia Yuzik	2 October 2019	10 October 2019	8			[83]

Dutch citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Sabri Hassanpour	19 April 2016	May 2018				[84][85]
Zahra Bahrami	27 December 2009	-	398	Arrested while participating in the 2009 Ashura protests. Charged with the capital crime of drug trafficking. Executed by hanging on 29 January 2011.		[86]

Swedish citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Ahmad Reza Jalali	24 April 2016	In detention	1746			[87][88]
Stefan Johansson	26 February 2006	16 April 2007	414	Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison.		[89]
Jari Hjortmar	26 February 2006	16 April 2007	414	Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison.		[89]

Finnish citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Ana Diamond	10 January 2016	August 2016	~204	Arbitrary detention, later falsely accused of espionage for "MI6, CIA, Mossad, and others."	Subjected to travel ban shortly after her arrival in Iran in August 2014, ~500-days before her arrest in January 2016. Travel ban imposed again following her release from Evin prison on bail in August 2016. Acquitted of all charges in 2017 and travel ban lifted in May 2018.	[90][91]

Belgian citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Diego Mathieu	16 September 2009	8 December 2009	83			[92]
Vincent Boon Falleur	5 September 2009	8 December 2009	94			[93]
Idesbald van den Bosch	5 September 2009	8 December 2009	94			[93]

Armenian citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Silva Harotonian	26 June 2008	10 March 2009	257	Convicted of promoting a "soft" revolution in Iran on January 19, 2009, and sentenced to 3 years in prison.	At the time of her arrest, Harotonian was an administrative officer for a maternal and child health project in Tehran for International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX), a U.S. government-funded organization.	[94]

South African citizens

Name	Detained	Released	Days in detention	Reason for detention	Notes	Ref.
Stuart Timm	10 January 1997	17 February 1997	38			[33]

See also

• Hostage diplomacy
• Human rights in Iran
• Lebanon hostage crisis

References

1. "America's unending hostage crisis with Iran". Reuters. 1 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018.
2. "Dual Nationality". UK Home Office. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
3. "Who Are the Dual and Foreign Nationals Imprisoned in Iran?". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 7 October 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
4. "Iran's Revolutionary Guards arrest more dual nationals". Reuters. 9 November 2017. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019.
5. "Iran: Targeting of Dual Citizens, Foreigners". Human Rights Watch. 26 September 2018. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019.
6. "Relatives of Jailed Dual and Foreign Nationals Launch Alliance Against Iran's 'Hostage-Taking' Amid UNGA". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 24 September 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019.
7. "Families of prisoners held in Iran accuse Tehran of 'hostage taking,' ask for global action". NBC News. 25 September 2019. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
8. "Families of Hostages in Iran Launch Alliance at UN". IranWire. 25 September 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019.
9. Luce, Dan De (2021-01-17). "Iran jailed another American, jeopardizing Biden's plans for diplomacy". NBC News.
10. Coleman, Justine (2021-01-17). "Iran convicts American businessman on spying charge: report". TheHill. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
11. "Dual Nationals and Foreigners Held in Iran". U.S. Institute of Peace. 8 October 2019. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
12. "Environmentalists Detained in Crackdown Denied Legal Counsel Amid Claims Some Were 'Jewish Spies'". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 5 March 2018. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
13. "Iran sentences Princeton graduate student to 10 years for espionage, report says". The Washington Post. 16 July 2017. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
14. "Iranian-American Initially Sentenced to 18 Years Prison Released on Bail During Appeal". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 4 April 2017. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019.
15. "Grave and Baseless New Charges Against Imprisoned Iranian-American and Wife". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 10 March 2017. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019.
16. "Iranian American and US Permanent Resident Released on Bail From Iran's Evin Prison". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 24 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019.
17. "Revolutionary Guards Mark Anniversary of Dual National Siamak Namazi's Arrest With Propaganda Video". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 17 October 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019.
18. "UN Urged to Take Immediate Action on Namazis". IranWire. 25 April 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020.
19. "Who is Nosratollah Khosravi-Roodsari? The Story of the Fourth American Prisoner". IranWire. 1 February 2016. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
20. "Hingham man recalls 41-day ordeal in Iranian captivity". Boston Globe. 28 January 2016. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
21. "Iran urged to release detained Washington Post journalist". The Guardian. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019.
22. "5 Americans released by Iran, 4 as part of prisoner swap". CNN. 16 January 2016. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019.
23. "Iranian prison guards threaten to extend sentence for U.S. pastor, wife claims". Fox News. 28 April 2015. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019.
24. "The Mysterious Tale of a Powerful American Businessman, Three Sanctioned Iranians and an Imprisonment in Tehran". Politico. 27 May 2018. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019.
25. "Jailed in Iran: The story of ex-Marine Amir Hekmati". Al Jazeera. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015.
26. "Roxana Saberi: Caught 'Between Two Worlds'". NPR. 30 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019.
27. "CSUN grad student Esha Momeni, formerly imprisoned in Iran, returns to Los Angeles". The Sundial. Archived from the original on 2019-10-19.
28. "U.S. Businessman Freed From Iran After 29 Months Behind Bars". ABC News. 17 October 2010. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015.
29. "Iranian Torture Victim Gets $20M in Damages". Courthouse News Service. 6 January 2015. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019.
30. "Tehran Jails Iranian American Scholar After Long House Arrest". The Washington Post. 9 May 2007. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
31. "Iran frees detained US academic". BBC. 21 August 2007. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
32. "Iran frees Berkeley lecturer / Teacher had been held on spy charges". San Francisco Chronicle. 10 November 2003. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019.
33. "Swiss-American missionary released from Iranian prison". Religion News Service. 27 March 1997. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019.
34. "'Gerald Seib Day' Held For Reporter Detained In Iran". AP. 14 February 1987. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
35. "South Carolina Woman Reassured About Imprisoned Brother". AP. 1 December 1987. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019.
36. "Engineer Freed by Iran Returns to U.S." Los Angeles Times. AP. 8 October 1991. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020.
37. "American Freed from Tehran Prison". The Washington Post. 14 September 1990. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019.
38. "Iran: Kurdish environmental activist Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani arrested". Kurdistan Human Rights Network. 29 June 2020.
39. "Cynthia Dwyer, '53rd hostage' of U.S. crisis with Iran, dies at 84". The Buffalo News. 15 February 2016. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019.
40. "Iran Frees One American and Has Hearing for Another". The New York Times. 5 February 1981. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019.
41. ""Academic jailed in Iran pulls off daring escape back to Britain"". The Guardian. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
42. "Iran releases detained British-Iranian academic on bail". AFP. 21 November 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019.
43. "Iran: British-Iranian charity worker detained: Nazanin Zaghari Ratcliffe". Amnesty International. 20 May 2016. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019.
44. "Health of Elderly Prisoner Remains at Risk" (PDF). Amnesty International. 29 January 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
45. "Ghoncheh Ghavami, in prison in Iran for wanting to watch volleyball". Amnesty International UK. Archived from the original on 2019-10-10. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
46. "UK-Iranian Roya Nobakht Released After 5 Years in Prison Over Facebook Posts". Jimmy Wales Foundation. 1 September 2017. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
47. "Tourist jailed for taking sunrise photo". NewsCore. 25 August 2010.
48. "Iason Athanasiadis is Released in Tehran". Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard. 5 July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020.
49. "Accused of spying: journalist Iason Athanasiadis tells of his time in Iranian jail". The Daily Telegraph. 12 July 2009. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015.
50. "Iran Frees British Businessman Held Five Years on Spying Charges". AP. 2 April 1991. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019.
51. "A British businessman jailed in Iran for 520 days". AP. 2 April 1991. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019.
52. "Iran Frees Briton". The Observer. 18 April 1982. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019.
53. "Jailed Student Appeals to Head of the Judiciary". IranWire. 15 July 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
54. "Canadian woman held in Iran after husband died now home safe: Freeland". The Canadian Press. 11 October 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
55. "Iran's jailed dual nationals and their uncertain fate". BBC. 1 October 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
56. "Iran Says It Released Homa Hoodfar for 'Humanitarian' Reasons". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 3 October 2016. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
57. "'Then They Came For' Journalist Maziar Bahari". NPR. 3 June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
58. "Iran: Blogger Hossein Derakhshan released". PEN International. 26 November 2014. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019.
59. "Hamid Ghassemi-Shall has been released!". Amnesty International Canada. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
60. "Impunity in Iran: The Death of Photojournalist Zahra Kazemi" (PDF). Iran Human Rights Documentation Center. November 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-10.
61. "'I Am Not a Spy. I Am a Philosopher'". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 3 October 2014. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
62. "Canadian engineer jailed in Iran flies home". UPI. 11 February 1987. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019.
63. "Maryam Malekpour Speaks at 2018 Geneva Summit". Geneva Summit. 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019.
64. "Iranian-born Canadian resident returns after 11 years in notorious prison in Tehran". The Canadian Press. 3 August 2019. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019.
65. "Australian Couple Detained in Iran Are Released, Authorities Say". The New York Times. 5 October 2019. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019.
66. "Lawyer Says Australian-Based Population Expert Released From Iranian Detention". RFE/RL. 27 January 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019.
67. "Australian Meimanat Hosseini Chavoshi feared to be among growing number of foreign nationals held in Iran". ABC News. 8 October 2019. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019.
68. "'She's not a spy': friends shocked over academic Dr Kylie Moore-Gilbert's jailing in Iran". The Guardian. 16 September 2019. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019.
69. "Kylie Moore-Gilbert: Lecturer 'released by Iran' in prisoner swap". BBC News. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
70. "France demands Iran release two French nationals held since June". The Daily Telegraph. 16 October 2019. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019.
71. "Arrest and detention of Dr. Fariba Adelkhah". Middle East Studies Association of North America. 22 July 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
72. "Iran Frees French Businesswoman Detained For Four Months". RFE/RL. 24 February 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019.
73. "Trapped in Iran's dark legal labyrinth". Los Angeles Times. 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019.
74. "Iran - Situation of Ruhollah Zam - Q&A". France Diplomatie. 16 October 2019. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019.
75. "Iran frees two German reporters". The Local DE. 19 February 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019.
76. "German Fisherman Freed From Iranian Jail". Deutsche Welle. 13 March 2007. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019.
77. "18 March 1999". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019.
78. "Hofer arrives home". BBC News. 19 February 2011. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019.
79. "Bonn seeks pardon for German sentenced to death by Iran". UPI. 5 January 1994. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019.
80. Mousavian, Hossein (2008). Iran-Europe Relations: Challenges and Opportunities. Routledge. pp. 88–89.
81. "German-Iranian women's rights activist detained in Tehran". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
82. "Österreicher seit sechs Monaten im Iran in Haft". Der Standard. 31 July 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019.
83. "Iran frees Russian journalist 'accused of working for Israel'". Al Jazeera. 10 October 2019. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019.
84. "Iran: Dutch-Iranian prisoner denied heart surgery: Sabri Hassanpour". Amnesty International. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020.
85. "Iraanse Nederlander Sabri Hassanpour vrijgelaten in Iran" [Iranian-Dutch Sabri Hassanpour Released in Iran]. NOS (in Dutch). 2018-05-01. Archived from the original on 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
86. "Distraught, Bahrami's Daughter Demands: 'How is it possible that she was executed?!'". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 30 January 2011. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019.
87. "Iranian-Swedish Disaster Medicine Expert Held in Iran Jail for Nine Months, on Hunger Strike Since Dec. 25". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 12 January 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019.
88. "Sweden grants citizenship to academic facing Iran death sentence". The Local SE. 17 February 2018. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019.
89. "Iran frees 2 Swedes held for spying". AP. 16 April 2007. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019.
90. "Student held in same Iranian prison as Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe says she was psychologically tortured". Channel 4 News. 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
91. "'There are countless Nazanins': Student reveals psychological torture in Iran prison on charges of spying for UK". The Telegraph. 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
92. "Les trois Belges arrêtés en Iran reviennent sur leur mésaventure" (in French). 7sur7. 8 January 2010.
93. "Freed Belgians cite fears for U.S. hikers in Iran". CNN. 26 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
94. "Silva Harotonian Released from Iranian Prison". The Armenian Weekly. 29 March 2010. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019.

External links

• "Dual Nationals and Foreigners Held in Iran" (United States Institute of Peace)
• "Who Are the Dual and Foreign Nationals Imprisoned in Iran?" (Center for Human Rights in Iran)