List of endangered languages in Russia
An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. A language may be endangered in one area but show signs of revitalisation in another, as with the Irish language.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines five levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":[1]
- Vulnerable – "most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g. home)"
- Definitely endangered – "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home"
- Severely endangered – "language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves"
- Critically endangered – "the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently"
- Extinct – "there are no speakers left; included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s"
The list below includes the findings from the third edition of Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition of the aforementioned publication, both published by UNESCO.[2]
| Language | Status | Nations | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia, Turkey | |
| Abkhaz language[1] | Vulnerable | Georgia, Russia, Turkey | |
| Adyge language[1] | Vulnerable | Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Macedonia, Russia, Syria, Turkey | |
| Agul language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Akhvakh language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Alabugat Tatar language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Aleut language (Western, Commander Islands)[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Alutor language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Andi language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Archi language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Avar language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Bagvalal language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Baraba Tatar language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Bashkir language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Belarusian language[1] | Vulnerable | Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | |
| Bezhta language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Bohtan Neo-Aramaic language[1] | Severely endangered | Georgia, Russia | |
| Botlikh language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Buryat language (Cis-Baikal)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Buryat language (Trans-Baikal)[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Central Selkup language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Central Siberian Yupik language (Chukotka)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Chamalal language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Chechen language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Chukchi language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Chulym language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Chuvash language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Copper Island Aleut language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Dargwa language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Dolgan language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| East Cape Yupik language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Eastern Khanty language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Eastern Mansi language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Eastern Mari language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Erzya language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Even language (Kamtchatka)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Even language (Siberia)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Evenki language (Northern Siberia)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Evenki language (Sakhalin)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Evenki language (Southern Siberia)[1] | Severely endangered | Mongolia, Russia | |
| Forest Enets language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Forest Nenets language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Forest Yukagir language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Godoberi language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Hinukh language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Homshetsma dialect (Caucasus)[1] | Severely endangered | Georgia, Russia | |
| Hunzib language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Ingrian language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Ingush language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Inkhokvari dialect[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Itelmen language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Juhuri language(Judeo-Tat) (Caucasus)[1] | Definitely endangered | Azerbaijan, Israel, Russia | |
| Kabard-Cherkes language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia, Turkey | |
| Kalmyk language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Karachay-Balkar language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Karagash language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Karata language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Karelian language (Karelia)[1] | Definitely endangered | Finland, Russia | |
| Karelian language (Tikhvin)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Karelian language (Tver)[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Ket language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Khakas language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Khamnigan Mongol language[1] | Definitely endangered | China, Mongolia, Russia | |
| Khvarshi language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Kildin Saami language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Kilen language[1] | Critically endangered | China, Russia | |
| Kili language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Komi language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Koryak language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Kumyk language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Lak language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Latgalian language[1] | Vulnerable | Latvia, Russia | |
| Lezgian language[1] | Vulnerable | Azerbaijan, Russia | |
| Low Saxon language[1] | Vulnerable | Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Russia | |
| Lude language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Moksha language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Nanay language[1] | Severely endangered | China, Russia | |
| Negidal language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Nganasan language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Nivkh language (Amur)[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Nivkh language (Sakhalin)[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Nogay language (Caucasus)[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| North Saami language[1] | Definitely endangered | Finland, Norway, Russia, Sweden | |
| Northern Altay language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Northern Khanty language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Northern Mansi language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Northern Selkup language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Olonetsian language[1] | Definitely endangered | Finland, Russia | |
| Oroch language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Orok language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Ossete language[1] | Vulnerable | Georgia, Russia | |
| Permyak language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Pontic Greek language[1] | Definitely endangered | Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | |
| Romani language[1] | Definitely endangered | Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | |
| Rutul language[1] | Definitely endangered | Azerbaijan, Russia | |
| Shor language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Siberian Tatar language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Skolt Saami language[1] | Severely endangered | Finland, Norway, Russia | |
| Southern Altay language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Southern Selkup language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Tabasaran language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Tazy language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Ter Saami language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Tindi language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Tofa language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Trukhmen language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia, Turkmenistan | |
| Tsakhur language[1] | Definitely endangered | Azerbaijan, Russia | |
| Tsez language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Tundra Enets language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Tundra Nenets language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Tundra Yukagir language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Tuvan language[1] | Vulnerable | China, Mongolia, Russia | |
| Udege language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Udmurt language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
| Ulcha language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Urum language[1] | Definitely endangered | Georgia, Russia, Ukraine | |
| Veps language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Vôru-Seto language[1] | Definitely endangered | Estonia, Russia | |
| Vote language[1] | Critically endangered | Russia | |
| Western Mari language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Yakut language[1] | Vulnerable | Russia | |
| Yazva Komi language[1] | Severely endangered | Russia | |
| Yiddish language (Europe)[1] | Definitely endangered | Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | |
| Yurt Tatar language[1] | Definitely endangered | Russia | |
References
- Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
- For the online atlas version see here
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