List of concurrent and parallel programming languages

This article lists concurrent and parallel programming languages, categorizing them by a defining paradigm. Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines. Such languages provide synchronization constructs whose behavior is defined by a parallel execution model. A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a program. A parallel language is able to express programs that are executable on more than one processor. Both types are listed, as concurrency is a useful tool in expressing parallelism, but it is not necessary. In both cases, the features must be part of the language syntax and not an extension such as a library (libraries such as the posix-thread library implement a parallel execution model but lack the syntax and grammar required to be a programming language).

The following categories aim to capture the main, defining feature of the languages contained, but they are not necessarily orthogonal.

Coordination languages

Dataflow programming
Main article: Dataflow programming

Distributed computing
Main article: Distributed computing

Event-driven and hardware description
Main articles: Event-driven programming and Hardware Description Language

Functional programming
Main article: Functional programming

Logic programming
Main article: Concurrent logic programming

Monitor-based
Main article: Monitor (synchronization)

Multi-threaded
Main article: Multithreading (software)

Object-oriented programming
Main article: Object-oriented programming

Partitioned global address space (PGAS)
Main article: Partitioned global address space

Message passing
Main article: Message passing

Actor model
Main article: Actor model

CSP-based
Main article: Communicating sequential processes

APIs/frameworks

These application programming interfaces support parallelism in host languages.

See also

References
  1. Thom Frühwirth (9 July 2009). Constraint Handling Rules. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87776-3.
  2. "Threads - The Rust Programming Language". doc.rust-lang.org. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
  3. "Message Passing - The Rust Programming Language". doc.rust-lang.org. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
  4. Alan Kay The Early History Of Smalltalk
  5. "Crystal Programming Language – Concurrency". Retrieved 10 August 2018.
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