List of Gilded Age mansions
The so-called Gilded Age mansions were built in the United States by some of the richest people in the country during the period between 1870 and the early 1900s.
Raised by the nation's industrial, financial and commercial elite, who amassed great fortunes coinciding with an era of expansion of the tobacco, railroads, steel and fossil fuels industries, economic, technical and scientific progress, and a complete lack of personal income tax. This made possible the very rich to build true "palaces" in some cases, designed by prominent architects of its day and decorated with antiquities, furniture, collectibles and works of art, many imported from Europe.
This small group of nouveau riche, entrepreneur citizens of a relatively young country found context and meaning for their lives and good fortune by thinking of themselves as heirs of a great Western Tradition. They traced their cultural lineage from the Greeks, through the Roman Empire, to the European Renaissance. America's upper classes and merchant classes traveled the world visiting the great European cities and the ancient sites of the Mediterranean, as part of a Grand Tour, collecting and honoring their western cultural heritage. In their travels abroad they also admired the estates of the European nobility and seeing themselves as the American "nobility", they wished to emulate the old world dwellings in American soil.
All these houses are "temples" of social ritual of 19th-century high society, they are the result of the particularization of space, in that a sequence of rooms are separated and intended for a specific sort of activity, such as dining room for gala dinners, ballroom, library, etc.
These elaborate bastions of wealth and power played a social role, made for impressing, entertaining and receiving guests. Relatively few in number and geographically dispersed, the majority were constructed in a variety of European architectural and decorative styles from different times and countries, such as France, England or Italy.
In cinema, the Gilded Age society and mansions are accurately portrayed in Martin Scorsese's The Age of Innocence (1993), which was itself based on Edith Wharton's 1920 novel of the same name.
California
Colorado
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Richthofen Castle | 1887 | Gothic Revival, Tudor Revival | Alexander Cazin Maurice Biscoe and Henry Hewitt (1910 renovation) Jacques Benedict (1924 renovation) | Montclair, Denver | Built for Baron Walter von Richthofen | [15] |
Connecticut
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lauder Greenway Estate | 1894 | French Renaissance | Greenwich | For a time, it was the most expensive home in United States history | [16] |
Delaware
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nemours | 1909 | French Neoclassical | Carrère and Hastings | Wilmington | Owned by the Nemours Foundation | [17] |
Florida
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whitehall | 1902 | Beaux Arts | Pottier & Stymus, Carrère and Hastings | Palm Beach | Open to the public for tours | [18] | |
The Casements | 1910 | Shingle Style | Ormond Beach | Owned by the city of Ormond Beach and used as a cultural center and park | [19] | ||
Villa Vizcaya | 1914 | Mediterranean Revival and Baroque | F. Burrall Hoffman Paul Chalfin (designer) Diego Suarez (landscape) | Miami | Houses the Miami Dade Art Museum | [20] |
Georgia
- Millionaires Row, Jekyll Island Club Historic District, 1888
Illinois
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nickerson House | 1883 | Late Victorian | Burling & Whitehouse | Chicago | Home to the Richard H. Driehaus Museum | [21] | |
Palmer Mansion | 1885 | Early Romanesque, Norman Gothic | Henry Ives Cobb and Charles Sumner Frost | Chicago | Demolished in 1950 | [22][23] |
Massachusetts
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Searles Castle | 1888 | Renaissance Revival Châteauesque | McKim, Mead & White | Great Barrington | Home to the John Dewey Academy | [24] | |
Ventfort Hall | 1893 | Jacobean Revival | Rotch & Tilden | Lenox | Operated as a house and Gilded Age museum | [25] | |
Shadow Brook Farm | 1893 | Tudor Revival | H. Neill Wilson | Stockbridge | Burned down in 1956 | [26] | |
The Mount | 1902 | Georgian Revival | Ogden Codman, Jr. and Francis L.V. Hoppin Beatrix Farrand (landscape) | Lenox | Home of Edith Wharton; open to the public | [27] | |
Isabella Stewart Gardner House | 1902 | Renaissance Revival | Willard T. Sears | Boston | Houses the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum | [28] | |
Bellefontaine Mansion | 1912 | Beaux-Arts | Carrère and Hastings | Lenox | Today, the Lenox location of Canyon Ranch | [29] |
Minnesota
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
James J. Hill House | 1891 | Richardsonian Romanesque | Peabody and Stearns | Saint Paul | Operated by the Minnesota Historical Society | [30] | |
Glensheen Mansion | 1908 | Jacobean Revival | Clarence H. Johnston Sr. Charles W. Leavitt, Jr. | Duluth | Operated by the University of Minnesota Duluth as a historic house museum | [31] | |
Southways Estate | 1918 | Georgian and Tudor Revival | Harrie T. Lindeberg | Orono, Lake Minnetonka | Built for John S. Pillsbury; demolished in 2018 | [32] |
Missouri
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Campbell House Museum | 1851 | Early Victorian, Greek Revival | St. Louis | A historic house museum | [33] |
Montana
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W. A. Clark Mansion | 1884 | Romanesque Revival Victorian | C. H. Brown | Butte | Today, a bed and breakfast | [34] |
New Jersey
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Florham | 1893 | English Baroque Revival | McKim, Mead & White Frederick Law Olmsted (landscape) | Madison and Florham Park | Part of the Fairleigh Dickinson University | [35] | |
Georgian Court | 1899 | Georgian Revival | Bruce Price | Lakewood | Today, part of Georgian Court University | [36] | |
Rutherfurd Hall | 1902 | Tudor Revival | Whitney Warren Olmsted Brothers (landscape) | Allamuchy Township | Owned and managed by the Allamuchy School District | [37] | |
Blairsden | 1903 | French Renaissance | Carrère and Hastings | Peapack-Gladstone | Formerly a retreat house for the Sisters of St. John the Baptist | [38] |
New York
New York City
North Carolina
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biltmore | 1895 | Châteauesque | Richard Morris Hunt Frederick Law Olmsted (landscape) | Asheville | Built for George Washington Vanderbilt II, it is the largest house in the U.S. | [103] |
South Carolina
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calhoun Mansion | 1876 | Italianate | George W. Williams | Charleston | Open for public tours | [104] |
Ohio
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taft House | 1820 | Greek Revival Federal | James Hoban (disputed) Alfred Oscar Elzner (additions) | Cincinnati | Today houses the Taft Museum of Art | [105] | |
Scarlet Oaks | 1867 | Romanesque Revival, Gothic Revival | James Keys Wilson | Cincinnati | Currently, a retirement home affiliated with the Deaconess Hospital | [106] | |
George B. Cox House | 1894 | Italianate | Samuel Hannaford | Cincinnati | Currently, a branch of the Public Library of Cincinnati | [107] | |
Old Governor's Mansion | 1904 | Colonial Revival, Neo-Georgian eclectic | Frank Packard | Columbus | Today, home to the Columbus Foundation | [108] | |
Laurel Court | 1907 | Beaux Arts, Renaissance | James Gamble Rogers | Cincinnati | A private residence available for tours by reservation | [109] | |
Stan Hywet Hall | 1915 | Tudor Revival | Schneider, Charles S.; Manning, Warren H. | Akron | Built by Frank Seiberling | [110] | |
Pinecroft | 1928 | Tudor Revival | Dwight James Baum | Cincinnati | Built for Powel Crosley, Jr. | [111] |
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Virginia
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ellerslie | 1856 (extensively remodeled in 1910) | Italian Villa | Robert Young (1857) Carneal and Johnston (1910) | Colonial Heights | |||
Roseland Manor (also known as the Strawberry Banks Manor House) | 1887 (burned 1985) | Châteauesque Queen Anne | Arthur Crooks | Hampton | Destroyed by fire in 1985[156] | [156] | |
Maymont | 1893 | Victorian | Edgerton S. Rogers | Richmond | Today, a historic house museum and arboretum[157] | [158] | |
Poplar Hill (also known as the Dunnington Mansion) | 1897 | Victorian | Farmville | 8,500 sq. ft. Manor home of tobacco baron Walter Grey Dunnington that has fallen into disrepair[159] | |||
Berryman Mansion | 1900 | Colonial Revival | Smithfield | Built by P.D. Gwaltney as a wedding gift for his daughter who married F.R. Berryman.[160] | [160] | ||
P. D. Gwaltney Jr. House | 1901 | Queen Anne | Smithfield | Remained in the Gwaltney family until 2016.[161] | [162] | ||
Cedar Hall | 1906 (demolished 1976) | Queen Anne | Vance & Allen[163] | Hampton | Demolished in 1976.[163] | [164][165] | |
Swannaoa | 1912 | Italian Renaissance Revival | Baskerville & Noland | Nelson County | [166] | ||
Branch House | 1916 | Tudor Revival, Jacobean Revival | John Russell Pope with Otto R. Eggers | Richmond | Offices of the Virginia Society of the American Institute of Architects (VSAIA) and the Branch Museum of Architecture and Design.[167] | [168] | |
Westbourne | 1919 | Georgian Revival | W. Duncan Lee | Richmond | Gardens designed by landscape architect Charles F. Gillette | [169] | |
Merrywood | 1919 | Georgian Revival | McLean | Childhood home of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis; Gardens designed by landscape architect Beatrix Farrand[170] | [171] |
Washington, DC
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christian Heurich Mansion | 1892 | Late Victorian | Meyers, John Granville | Washington, DC | Formerly housed the Historical Society of Washington | [172] | |
Townsend House | 1901 | Beaux-Arts | Carrère and Hastings | Washington, DC | Home to the Cosmos Club since 1952 | [173] | |
Walsh-McLean House | 1903 | Washington, DC | Today the Embassy of Indonesia | [174] | |||
Anderson House | 1905 | Beaux-Arts | Little & Browne | Washington, DC | Today, it houses the Society of the Cincinnati's headquarters | [175][176] | |
Perry Belmont House | 1909 | Beaux-Arts | Ernest-Paul Sanson | Washington, DC | Headquarters of the General Grand Chapter of the Order of the Eastern Star | [177][178] | |
Edward Hamlin Everett House | 1915 | Beaux-Arts | George Oakley Totten Jr. | Washington, DC | Formerly the Turkish embassy, today the ambassador's residence | [179] |
Wisconsin
Image | Name | Year built (*circa) | Style | Architect | City | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pabst Mansion | 1892 | Flemish Renaissance Revival | George Ferry | Milwaukee | Today, a historic house museum | [180] | |
Holway Mansion | 1892 | Romanesque and Queen Anne | Hugo Schick and Gustav Stolze | La Crosse | Today, a bed and breakfast[181] | [182] |
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