List of African-American newspapers in Louisiana

This is a list of African-American newspapers that have been published in Louisiana. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

Inaugural issue of The Louisianian from December 1870.

The first African-American newspaper in Louisiana was L'Union, a French-language newspaper launched in 1862.[1][2] The first daily African-American newspaper in Louisiana, and in the entire country, came two years later with La Tribune de la Nouvelle-Orléans.[3][4]

Notably, although the Louisiana Creole people were not considered Black until after the Civil War, the history of African-American newspapers in Louisiana is sometimes considered to begin with the New Orleans Daily Creole, a Creole pro-slavery newspaper launched in 1856. However, scholars of the African-American press generally exclude the Daily Creole.[5][3]

Although L'Union was the first African-American newspaper in Louisiana, it was not the state's first African-American periodical: starting in 1843 a successful African American literary magazine was published in New Orleans, titled L'Album Litteraire, Journal des Jeunes Gens.[4]

Many African-American newspapers are published in Louisiana today; they are highlighted in green in the list below. The oldest such newspaper still in publication is The Shreveport Sun, established in 1920.[6]

Newspapers

City	Title	Beginning	End	Frequency	Call numbers	Remarks
Alexandria	The Louisiana Baptist	1800s[7]	?[7]	Weekly[7]	LCCN sn87091092 OCLC 16917664	Attested from at least 1901.[7]
Alexandria	Alexandria News Leader[8] Alexandria News Weekly[9]	1963[9]	1999[10]	Weekly[9]	LCCN sn83026442, sn88064703 OCLC 18887798, 10253370	Edited by C.J. Bell.[9]
Baton Rouge	The Capital City Weekly	1946[11]	1900s[11]	Weekly[11]	LCCN sn89059343 OCLC 20366365
Baton Rouge	The Baton Rouge Chronicle	1993?[12]	?[12]	Monthly[12]	OCLC 30775670	Published by Leonard A. Black. Edited by H. Louis Author.[12]
Baton Rouge	Baton Rouge Community Leader[13] Baton Rouge News Leader[14] Community Leader[15] News Leader[16] The Community Leader[17] Weekly Leader[18]	1952[15]	?	Weekly[15]	LCCN sn84024002, sn84024003, sn88064154, sn88064192, sn89059304 OCLC 10265464, 10265470, 17502254, 20110062, 3393220	Attested through at least 1982.[18]
Baton Rouge	Eagle Dispatch	1900s[19]	?[19]	Weekly[19]	LCCN sn99063225 OCLC 41890961	Attested from at least 1930.[19]
Baton Rouge	The Eagle Dispatch	1923?[20]	?[20]	Weekly[20]		Edited by W.S. Boswell.[20]
Baton Rouge	The Baton Rouge Examiner	1983[21]	1984?[21]	Monthly[21]		Edited by Kermit Thomas.[21]
Baton Rouge	The Grand Era	1870[22]	1877[22]	Weekly[22]	LCCN sn85034234 OCLC 12597843	Edited by J. Henri Burch around 1875.[23]
Baton Rouge	The Greater Baton Rouge Metro	1983[24]	1986?[24]	Weekly[24]		Edited by Kermit R. Thomas (1984–1985) and by Lee T. Wesley (1985).[24]
Baton Rouge	The Baton Rouge Herald	1960[25]	1961[25]	Weekly[25]	LCCN sn89059382 OCLC 20384110
Baton Rouge	The Observer	1899[26]	1900[26]	Weekly[26]	LCCN 2014254009, sn83016560 OCLC 851187461, 9907976
Baton Rouge	Baton Rouge Post	1937[27]	?[27]	Weekly[27]	LCCN sn88064129 OCLC 17499960
Baton Rouge	Baton Rouge Post	1983[28]	2007[29]	Irregular[28] or weekly[29]	LCCN sn88064185 OCLC 17554084	Not to be confused with current online newspaper of same title.
Baton Rouge	The Southern Digest	?[30]	current	Weekly during Southern University fall, spring and summer semesters[30]	LCCN sn2001061845 OCLC 48498507 ISSN 1540-7276	Official site
Baton Rouge	Weekly Press	1980s[31]	current	Weekly[31]	LCCN sn89059311, sn89059312 OCLC 20362228, 20362251	Official site
Grambling	Spectrum	1991?[32]	?	Bimonthly newspaper[32]	OCLC 28349778	Published by Ezil Bibbs Jr. [32]
Lafayette	Lafayette News Leader	1970?[33]	1900s[34]	Weekly[33]	LCCN sn84024001 OCLC 10265442, 17747589	Attested through at least 1973.[33]
Lafayette	The Rising Seed	1989[35]	1993[35]	Monthly[35]	OCLC 28390117	Published and edited by Takuna Maulanae Shabazz.[35]
Lake Charles	Lake Charles News Leader	1966[36]	1973[36]	Weekly[36]	LCCN sn84024009 OCLC 10265539, 2293239
Monroe	The Monroe Broadcast[37] The Southern Broadcast[38]	1932[38]	?[37]	Weekly[37]	LCCN sn92060455, sn94086225 OCLC 27085729, 32324819	Attested through at least 1937.[37]
Monroe	The Monroe Dispatch	1971[39] or 1975[40]	current	Weekly[39]	LCCN sn89059356 OCLC 20378041	Official site Published by F.J. DeTeige.[39] Edited by Irma Hall DeTeige.
Monroe	Black Free Press[41] Free Press[42] Rapping Black (1969–1973)[43]	1969	current	Weekly[42]	LCCN sn89059050, sn89059470 OCLC 19285563, 20795308 Rapping Black: LCCN sn89059469 OCLC 20795296	Official site Founded by Roosevelt Wright, Jr., initially as a flyer to spread news about the local civil rights movement.[44]
Monroe / Baton Rouge (1968–1973)[45]	Monroe News Leader	1963?[46]	?[46]	Weekly[46]	LCCN sn84024015 OCLC 10282654, 2465145
New Orleans	The New Orleans Advocate	1866[47]	1869[47]	Weekly[47]	LCCN sn86079014, sn97016095 OCLC 13022524, 37215426
New Orleans	The Black PAC Epitaph	1970s[48]	?[48]		LCCN sn89059227 OCLC 19718168	Attested at least from 1972.[48]
New Orleans	The Black Republican	1865[49]	1865[50]	Weekly[49]	LCCN 2011254251, sn83016563 OCLC 264072, 607384769, 9908183	Published by the Black Republican Newspaper Association.[49]
New Orleans	The Carrollton Advocate	1970[51]	1970[51]	Irregular[51]	LCCN sn89059219 OCLC 19718158
New Orleans	The Crusader	1889[52]	1890s[52]	Weekly[52]	LCCN 2017225079, sn98062573 OCLC 1000055678, 2636838
New Orleans	The Crusader	1889[53]	1891[53] or 1898[52]	Weekly[53]	LCCN sn83016562 OCLC 9908127
New Orleans	The Daily Crusader	1891[54]	1896[54]	Daily[54]	LCCN sn89059185 OCLC 19643548
New Orleans	The Daily Spokesman	1914[55]	1900s[55]	Daily[55]	LCCN sn89059232 OCLC 19718182
New Orleans	Black Data Newsweekly[56] Data[57] Data Newsweekly[58] New Orleans Data News Weekly[59]	1967[57]	current	Weekly[59] or biweekly[57]	LCCN sn89007183, sn89059281, sn89059282, sn89059283, sn89059284, sn8907183 OCLC 10903348, 19986548, 19986553, 6347836, 8107743 ISSN 1043-4445	Official site
New Orleans	Le Dimanche	1861[60]	1876[60]	Weekly[60]	LCCN sn83016654 OCLC 9961481	Published by Theard and Trosclair.[60] In French.[61] Status as an African-American newspaper contested due to its support of white supremacy.[5]
New Orleans	The Free South	1868[62]	?[62]	Weekly[62]	OCLC 14288863	Published by W.P. Allen.[62]
New Orleans	The New Orleans Herald	1925[63]	1925[63]	Biweekly[63]	LCCN sn89059061 OCLC 19320897
New Orleans	The Hope for the Future	1969[64]	?[64]	Unknown[64]	OCLC 28349986
New Orleans	New Orleans Informer And Sentinel[65] New Orleans Informer and Sentinel[66]	1940[66]	?[66]	Weekly[66]	LCCN sn87091049 OCLC 16882170	Attested through at least 1944.[65]
New Orleans	Inside New Orleans	1964[67]	?[67]	Weekly[67]	LCCN 2012254027, sn89059111 OCLC 19533770, 664611250 ISSN 2642-6390, 2642-6404
New Orleans	L'Union[68] Le Union: Journal Politique, Litteraire et Progressiste[69] The Union (1863–1864)[68]	1862[69]	1864[69]	Triweekly[69]	LCCN sn83026401, 2013254046 OCLC 811645304, 2789487, 2789618, 990651, 9990651	First African-American newspaper in Louisiana.[1] In French until July 1863; then in French and English.[68] The English edition differed greatly from the French, and did not include the literary material from the French edition.[70]
New Orleans	The Louisiana Weekly	1925[71]	current	Weekly[71]	LCCN sn83045291, sn94080289 OCLC 10537986, 2263695, 32193331 ISSN 2641-0753	Official site
New Orleans	National Negro Voice	1924[72]	?[72]	Monthly newspaper[73]	LCCN sn93059229 OCLC 27762656	Published by R.A. Flynn.[72] Attested through at least 1931.[72]
New Orleans	The Negro Gazette	1872[74]	1872[74]	Weekly[74]	LCCN sn93059225 OCLC 27743804	"Published every Saturday morning during the presidential campaign."[74]
New Orleans	The Plain Truth Of New Orleans	1969[75]	1970[75]	Bimonthly newspaper[75]	LCCN sn89059088 OCLC 7366271
New Orleans	The Republican Courier	1899[76]	1900[76]	Weekly[76]	LCCN sn83016564 OCLC 2806334, 9908251
New Orleans	The Louisiana Republican	1881[77]	1882[77]	Weekly[77]	LCCN sn89059142 OCLC 19537223	In English and French.[77]
New Orleans	New Orleans Sentinel	1940[78]	1940s[78]	Weekly[78]	LCCN sn93062832, sn94081613 OCLC 27322252, 32229781
New Orleans	The Sepia Socialite	1937[79]	1945[79]	Weekly[79]	LCCN sn89059245, sn94081612 OCLC 19750471, 32229657
New Orleans	Southern Republican	1898[80]	1907[80]	Weekly[80]	LCCN sn83016561 OCLC 2806297, 9908065	Edited by Joseph LeBlanc.[80]
New Orleans	Southwestern Advocate	1873[81]	1876[81]	Biweekly[81]	LCCN 2018203277, sn83026418, sn97016096 OCLC 10123906, 681748961, 9235621 ISSN 2638-9819, 2638-9827	Published for the Methodist Episcopal Church of Louisiana.[81]
New Orleans	Southwestern Christian Advocate	1877[82]	1929[82]	Weekly[82]	LCCN 2018203278, sn83026416, sn97016097 OCLC 10123905, 192107532, 9235542 ISSN 2639-0124, 2639-0132
New Orleans	The Spectator	1982[83]	1983[83]	Weekly[83]	LCCN sn89059290 OCLC 19997185
New Orleans	La Tribune de la Nouvelle-Orléans New Orleans Tribune	1864[84]	1870?[84]	Daily from 1864 to 1869[85]	LCCN sn83016710, 2013254341 OCLC 664617546, 13547679, 18544769, 2772145, 9998448	First African-American daily newspaper in the United States.[3] In English and French.[86]
New Orleans	The Louisianian (1870–1871)[87] Semi-weekly Louisianian (1871–1872)[88] The Weekly Louisianian[89]	1870[89]	1882[89]	Weekly[89] or twice weekly[88]	LCCN sn83016630, sn83016631, sn83016632, 2013218552, 2013254350 OCLC 664618036, 827279530, 10790970, 2774211, 9957021, 9957091, 9957300 ISSN 2378-0398, 2326-6317, 2326-6287, 2326-6309, 2378-038X	Free online archive: Semi-weekly Louisianian, The Weekly Louisianian, The Louisianian
New Orleans	The Weekly Pelican	1886[90]	1889[90]	Weekly[90]	LCCN 2013254359, sn83016655 OCLC 2775197, 849430601, 9961600	Edited by John L. Minor.[90]
Plaquemine	The Fraternal Herald	1930[91]	?[91]	Weekly[91]		Published by Tabernacle Herald Publishing House.[91]
Plaquemine	New Orleans Broadcast - Fraternal Herald	1934[92]	?[92]	Weekly[92]
Ponchatoula	The Drum	1980s[93]	current	Weekly[93]	LCCN sn90056024 OCLC 21188856 ISSN 1937-2019	Official site Free online archive
Scotlandville	Baton Rouge Scotland Press	1970s[94]	1980s[94]	Weekly[94]	LCCN sn91099503 OCLC 23960369
Shreveport	Shreveport Afro-American	1920s[95]	?	Weekly[95]	LCCN sn88064501 OCLC 18122587	Attested through at least 1932.[95]
Shreveport	Councilor	1962[96]	1981[96]	Monthly newspaper[96]	LCCN sn78001655 OCLC 1644635 ISSN 0010-9991
Shreveport	The Shreveport Sun The Shreveport Sun And Bis News (1964–1966)[97]	1920[98]	current	Weekly[99]	LCCN sn89059440, sn83045388, sn89059439 OCLC 20606941, 9447422, 20606995, 8660431	Official site Founded by Melvin Lee Collins, Sr.[6]
St. Martinville	The Echo L'écho	1872[100]	1878[100]	Weekly[100]	ISSN 2641-8142 LCCN sn83027096, 2011254362 OCLC 747984637, 10028714	Published by J.F. Penne.[100] "Official journal of the Parish of St. Martin."[101] In English and French.[101]
Thibodaux	The Lafourche Monitor	1905?[102]	?[102]	Twice monthly[102]		Published by Knights and Ladies of Honor of America. Edited by C.H. Ballard.[102] Attested through at least 1936.[102]
Vidalia	The Concordia Eagle	1873[103]	1890[103]	Weekly[103]	LCCN 2011254357, sn83016716 OCLC 10024403, 2636996, 747741841 ISSN 2163-7040	Free online archive Published by David Young.[103]

See also

• List of African-American newspapers and media outlets
• List of African-American newspapers in Arkansas
• List of African-American newspapers in Mississippi
• List of African-American newspapers in Texas
• List of newspapers in Louisiana

Works cited

• Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Davis, Thomas J. (1983). "Louisiana". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the South, 1865–1979. ISBN 9780313222443.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Pride, Armistead Scott; Wilson, Clint C. (1997). A History of the Black Press. Howard University Press. ISBN 9780882581927.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Smith, Jessie Carney (2012). Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9781578593699.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

References

1. Davis 1983, p. 151.
2. Smith 2012, p. 409.
3. Fay, Robert (1999). "The Story of the African American Press". The Crisis.
4. Pride & Wilson 1997, p. 75.
5. Davis 1983, p. 162.
6. The Shreveport Sun. "The Newsroom". Retrieved 2020-02-06. The oldest black newspaper in Louisiana that is still in existence is the Shreveport Sun. The Sun was first published in Shreveport on November 6, 1920 by Melvin Lee Collins, Sr.
7. "About The Louisiana Baptist. (Alexandria, La.) 18??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
8. "About Alexandria news leader. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1963-1975". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
9. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 33, ¶ 332.
10. "About Alexandria news weekly. (Alexandria, La.) 1976-1999". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
11. "About The capital city weekly. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1946-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
12. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 62, ¶ 632.
13. "About Baton Rouge community leader. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1977-1982". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
14. "About Baton Rouge news leader. [volume] (Baton Rouge, La.) 1971-1977". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
15. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 169, ¶ 1759.
16. "About News leader. [volume] (Baton Rouge, La.) 1952-1971". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
17. "About The community leader. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1982-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
18. "About Weekly leader. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1952-1952". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
19. "About Eagle dispatch. (Baton Rouge, La.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
20. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 202, ¶ 2109.
21. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 62, ¶ 633.
22. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 255, ¶ 2676.
23. "About The grand era. [volume] (Baton Rouge, La.) 1870-1877". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
24. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 257, ¶ 2690.
25. "About The Baton Rouge herald. ([Baton Rouge, La.) 1960-1961". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
26. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 437, ¶ 4553.
27. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 62, ¶ 634.
28. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 62, ¶ 635.
29. "About Baton Rouge post. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1983-2007". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
30. "About The southern digest. (Baton Rouge, La.) ????-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
31. "About Weekly press. (Baton Rouge, La.) 198?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
32. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 534, ¶ 5567.
33. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 330, ¶ 3460.
34. "About Lafayette news leader. [volume] (Lafayette, La.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
35. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 494, ¶ 5159.
36. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 331, ¶ 3463.
37. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3888.
38. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 526, ¶ 5492.
39. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3889.
40. "About The Monroe dispatch. (Monroe, La.) 1975-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
41. "About Black free press. (Monroe, La.) 1973-1974". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
42. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 237, ¶ 2483.
43. "About Rapping Black. (Monroe, La.) 1969-1973". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
44. Monroe Free Press. "About Us". Retrieved 2020-02-06. Monroe Free Press began in 1969 as information outlet of the local Civil Rights Movement. It was a single sheet flier distributed to inform residents about stores that discriminated against blacks, those that were equal opportunity and announced meetings, rallies and demonstration plans. In December of 1969 the flier was called the “Rapping Black” and changed over the years to its present name “Monroe Free Press.”
45. "About Monroe news leader. [volume] (Monroe, La.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
46. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3890.
47. "About The New Orleans advocate. [microfilm reel] (New Orleans [La.]) 1866-1869". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
48. "About The Black PAC epitaph. (New Orleans, La.) 197?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
49. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 96, ¶ 989.
50. "About The black Republican. [online resource] (New Orleans [La.]) 1865-1865". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
51. "About The Carrollton advocate. (New Orleans, La.) 1970-1970". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
52. "About The Crusader. (New Orleans, La.) 1889-1898". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
53. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 181, ¶ 1887.
54. "About The Daily crusader. (New Orleans [La.]) 1891-1896". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
55. "About The daily spokesman. (New Orleans, La.) 1914-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
56. "About Black data newsweekly. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1980-1984". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
57. "About Data. ([New Orleans, La.]) 1967-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
58. "About Data newsweekly. (New Orleans, La.) 1984-1986". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
59. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 411, ¶ 4280.
60. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 195, ¶ 2037.
61. "About Le dimanche. [volume] (Nouvelle-Orléans [i.e. New Orleans, La.]) 1861-1876". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
62. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 237, ¶ 2485.
63. "About The New Orleans herald. [volume] (New Orleans [La.]) 1925-1925". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
64. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 280, ¶ 2934.
65. "About New Orleans informer and sentinel. (New Orleans, La.) 194?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
66. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 411, ¶ 4281.
67. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 299, ¶ 3152.
68. "About L'Union. [online resource] (Nouvelle-Orléans [La.]) 1862-1864". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
69. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 576, ¶ 6023.
70. Davis 1983, p. 155.
71. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 347, ¶ 3637.
72. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 392, ¶ 4088.
73. "About National Negro voice. (New Orleans, La.) 1924-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
74. "About The Negro gazette. (New Orleans [La.]) 1872-1872". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
75. "About The Plain truth of New Orleans. [volume] (New Orleans [La.]) 1969-1970". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
76. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5109.
77. "About The Louisiana Republican. [volume] (Nouvelle Orleans [i.e. New Orleans, La.]) 1881-1882". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
78. "About New Orleans sentinel. (New Orleans, La.) 1940-194?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
79. "About The sepia socialite. (New Orleans, La.) 1937-1945". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
80. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5518.
81. "About Southwestern advocate. [online resource] (New Orleans, La.) 1873-1876". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
82. "About Southwestern Christian advocate. [online resource] (New Orleans, LA) 1877-1929". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
83. "About The Spectator. (New Orleans, La.) 1982-1983". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
84. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 412, ¶ 4286.
85. "About Tribune de la Nlle-Orleans. (Nouvelle-Orleans, [La.]) 1864-187?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
86. "About New Orleans tribune. [online resource] (New Orleans [La.]) 1864-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
87. "About The Louisianian. [online resource] (New Orleans, La.) 1870-1871". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
88. "About Semi-weekly Louisianian. [online resource] (New Orleans, La.) 1871-1872". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
89. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6342.
90. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6348.
91. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 236, ¶ 2472.
92. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 411, ¶ 4278.
93. "About The drum. (Ponchatoula, La.) 198?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
94. "About Baton Rouge Scotland press. ([Scotlandville, La.) 197?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
95. "About Shreveport Afro-American. (Shreveport, La.) 192?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
96. "About Councilor. [volume] (Shreveport, La.) 1962-1981". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
97. "About The Shreveport sun and Bis news. (Shreveport, La.) 1964-1966". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
98. "About The Shreveport sun. (Shreveport, La.) 1920-1964". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
99. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 515, ¶ 5383.
100. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 205, ¶ 2142.
101. "About The echo. [online resource] (St. Martinsville [i.e. St. Martinville] La.) 1872-1878". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
102. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 330, ¶ 3461.
103. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 171, ¶ 1780.