List of African-American newspapers in Alabama

This is a list of African-American newspapers that have been published in Alabama. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

Front page of the Birmingham Wide-Awake from January 1900.

The first such newspaper in Alabama was The Nationalist, published in Mobile from 1865 to 1869.[1] Many more followed it, with some 100 newspapers established in the 1890s alone as the reading population grew and became more urbanized.

Alabama's first state organization of African-American newspapers was the Alabama Colored Press Association, which was founded by the editors of nine papers in 1887.[2] However, the association ceased to function after two years, due to many of its key members having been driven out of the state by racist violence.[2] As the growth of the African-American press continued unabated, the Afro-American Press Association of Alabama was established in 1894.[2]

Newspapers

City	Title	Beginning	End	Frequency	Call numbers	Remarks
Aldrich	The Alabama Time-Piece[3] The Alabama Timepiece[4]	1895[4]	1902?[4]	Weekly[4]	LCCN sn85044527 OCLC 11359168	Published by Aldrich Publishing Company.[4] Edited by B.L. Lester.[4]
Anniston / Birmingham (1909–1911)[5]	The Baptist Leader	1880s[5]	1900s[5]	Weekly[5]	LCCN sn85044572 OCLC 12056704	Edited by Jesse C. Duke.[6]
Anniston	The Union Leader	1901[7]	1903?[7]	Weekly[7]	LCCN sn85044820 OCLC 12368721
Bay Minette	American Banner	1895?[8]	?[8]	Weekly, bimonthly in 1899[8]	LCCN sn85044611 OCLC 12085208	Published by Boykin, S.J.[8] Attested through at least 1902.[8]
Belmont	News	1902[9]	1903[9]	Weekly[9]
Bethel	The Southern Star	1890s[10]	1900s[10]	Weekly[10]	LCCN sn87050284 OCLC 16505917
Birmingham / Montgomery (1877–1882)[11]	Advance	1876[11]	1882[11]	Weekly[11]		First Democratic African-American newspaper in Alabama.[11] Edited by James A. Scott.[11]
Birmingham	The Afro-American Labor Sentinel	1896[12]	?[12]	Twice monthly[12]		Published by The Afro-American Labor and Protective Association.[12]
Birmingham	The Birmingham American	1910s[13]	1900s[13]	Weekly[13]	LCCN sn87050405 OCLC 17279686
Birmingham	Birmingham Blade[14] The Birmingham Blade[15]	1907[14]	1909[14]	Weekly[14]	LCCN sn86050141 OCLC 13355701	Published and edited by L.H. Harrison.[14]
Birmingham	Broad Axe	1891[16]	1895[16]			Edited by T.H. Jordan.[2]
Birmingham	By Any Means Necessary: (BAMN)	1985?[17]	?	Irregular[17]	OCLC 27921519	Published by New Afrikan People’s Organization. Edited by Thandisizwe Chimurenga.[17] Attested through at least 1993.[17]
Birmingham	Christian Era Birmingham Era	1886[18]	1887[18]			Edited by T.W. Coffee.[18]
Birmingham / Demopolis	The Christian Hope	1894?[19]	?[19]	Weekly[19]		Edited by L.S. Steinbeck.[19] Attested through at least 1902.[19]
Birmingham	Birmingham Free Speech	1901[20]	?[20]	Weekly[20]	LCCN sn86050142 OCLC 13355683	Published by Francis P. McAlpin.[20]
Birmingham	Hot Shots	1896[21]	1900s[21]	Irregular[21]	LCCN sn86050334 OCLC 13944291
Birmingham	Birmingham Mirror[22] The Birmingham Mirror[23]	1939?[23]	?[23]	Weekly[23]	LCCN sn89050010 OCLC 19255850	Published by J. Howard Williamson.[23] Attested through at least 1974.[23]
Birmingham	Negro American[24] The Negro American[25] American Citizen (1888–)[18]	1886[25]	1891?[25]	Weekly[25]	LCCN sn87050415 OCLC 17293242	Edited by R.C.O. Benjamin from 1886 to 1887, when threats of white violence forced him to leave.[26] Subsequent editors included J.W. White, Albert Boyd, and A.N. Jackson.[18] "The most outspoken black paper in Birmingham".[26]
Birmingham	The New Era Banner	1918[27] or 1919[28]	?[28]	Weekly[28]	LCCN sn87050161 OCLC 15725330
Birmingham	The Pleiades	1888[29]	?[29]	Weekly[29]	LCCN sn87050416 OCLC 17293270
Birmingham	The Birmingham Reporter	1900?[30]	?[30]	Weekly[30]	LCCN sn88050035 OCLC 17545418	Published by the Colored Masonic Temple.[30] Attested through at least 1928.[30] Edited by Oscar W. Adams from 1907 to 1928.[30]
Birmingham	The Birmingham Reporter Birmingham Eagle Reporter	1915?[31]	1930s[32]	Weekly[31]	LCCN sn87050145 OCLC 12061365	"Official organ of the Masons, Eastern Stars, and Knights of Pythias of Alabama and Knights and Ladies of Honor of the World."[32]
Birmingham	The Times Plain Dealer	1910s[33]	1900s[33]	Weekly[33]	LCCN sn87050142 OCLC 15615311	Attested through at least 1921.[33]
Birmingham	The Birmingham Times	1964[34]	current	Weekly[34]	LCCN sn85044582 OCLC 11125591 ISSN 1534-2794	Official site
Birmingham	The Birmingham Truth	1902[35]	1900s[36]	Weekly[36]	LCCN sn85044585 OCLC 9514196	Attested through at least 1927.[36] Founded and until 1910 edited by Carrie A. Tuggle.[35]
Birmingham	The Truth	1903[37]	1900s[37]	Weekly[37]	LCCN sn87050092 OCLC 15376366	Attested through at least 1905.[37] Published by Tuggle Printing Company.[37]
Birmingham	The Voice of the People[38] Weekly Voice (1916–1917)[39]	1913?[38]	1920s[39]	Weekly[38]	LCCN sn88050055 OCLC 17672113	Published by E.W. Howell.[38]
Birmingham	The Alabama Voice	1946[40]	?[40]	Bimonthly newspaper[40]		Published by H.D. Coke.[40]
Birmingham	Weekly Pilot	1883[41]	?[41]	Weekly[41]	LCCN sn88050012 OCLC 17407826	Edited by J.H. Thomason. Published by Pilot Publishing Company.[41]
Birmingham	The Weekly Review	1934?[42]	?[42]	Weekly[42]	LCCN sn85044586f OCLC 9509110	Published and edited by Robert Durr.[42]
Birmingham	Wide Awake Bulletin (1880s–1890s)[43] Wide-Awake (1890s–)[44] Birmingham Wide-Awake (1906–)[45]	1887[43] or 1889?[46]	1890s[43]	Weekly[43][46]	Wide-Awake Bulletin: LCCN sn88050018 OCLC 17408400 Wide-Awake: LCCN sn83025484, 2013254374 OCLC 850967976, 2775228, 9526349 Birmingham Wide-Awake: LCCN sn87050155 OCLC 15720225
Birmingham	The Workmen's Chronicle[47] The Workmens Chronicle[48]	1917[48]	?[48]	Weekly[48]	LCCN sn88050014 OCLC 17407907	"Issued under the auspices of the Afro-American Sociological Congress."[47]
Birmingham	Birmingham World	1930[49]	1996[50]	Weekly,[49] twice weekly from 1940 to 1969[50]	LCCN sn83045136 OCLC 18729791, 2258369, 3449376	Founded by W.A. Scott. Published by Joe N. Dickson & Associates.[49]
Decatur	The Guardian	1910[51]	1900s[51]	Monthly newspaper[51]	LCCN sn88050094 OCLC 17857604	Attested through at least 1914.[51]
Decatur	Speakin' Out Weekly News[52] Speakin’ Out News[53]	1980[54]	current	Weekly[54]	LCCN sn88050097, sn90099002 OCLC 21026715, 17857788	Official site Published by William Smothers.[53]
Dothan	Southern Star	1916[55]	?[55]	Weekly[55]	LCCN sn86050439 OCLC 14866951	Published by M.S. Brown. Edited by M.J. Adams from 1918 to 1919.[55]
Dothan	The Voice Of The Negro[56] Voice of the Negro[57]	1912?[57]	?[57]	Weekly[57]	LCCN sn86050440 OCLC 14867035	Attested through at least 1915.[56]
Epes	The Sumter Enterprise	1907[58]	?[58]	Weekly[58]	LCCN sn8850071 OCLC 17698936	Published and edited by A.G. Idrell.[58]
Eufaula	Vindicator	1889[59]	?			Edited by T.W. Coffee.[59]
Eutaw	Greene County Democrat	?	current	Weekly[60]	LCCN sn85044807 OCLC 9238773 ISSN 0889-518X	Official site
Eutaw	Western Guide	1905[9]	1909[9]	Weekly[9]
Fayette	Watchman	1902[9]	1903[9]	Weekly[9]
Florence	The Shoals News Leader	1979?[61]	?[61]	Weekly[61]		Published by Reginald Liner.[61]
Florence	The Watcher	1888[62]	1800s[63]	Weekly[62]	LCCN sn87050259 OCLC 9191005	Suspended publication in 1889.[63]
Georgiana	The Temple Star	1916?[64]	?[64]	Twice monthly[64]
Girard	Eastern Sunlight	1901[9]	1914[9]	Weekly[9]
Grove Hill	Grove Hill Herald	1800s[65]	1850s[65]	Weekly[65]	LCCN sn85044896 OCLC 12442012 ISSN 2574-7428
Hayneville / Montgomery	The Republican Sentinel and Hayneville Times	1878[66]	1878[67]	Weekly[68]	LCCN sn85044770 OCLC 12170385	Published by James T. Rapier. Edited by Nathan M. Alexander.[66]
Huntsville	Huntsville Gazette	1879[69]	1894[69]	Weekly[69]	LCCN 760643891, sn84020151, sn90023104 OCLC 18762026, 2710177 ISSN 2575-1271	Edited by Charles Hendley, Jr.[6] "[T]he most financially successful and enduring black newspaper in Alabama before 1900."[6]
Huntsville	The Herald	1878[70]	1884[70]	Weekly[71]	LCCN sn85044762 OCLC 12170269	Edited by W.H. Councill.[71]
Huntsville	The Huntsville Journal	1895[72]	1897[72]	Weekly[72]	LCCN sn86050127 OCLC 13364689
Huntsville	The Journal	1897[73]	1912[74]	Weekly[73]	LCCN sn86050128 OCLC 13364698	Edited by H.C. Binford from 1897 to 1911, and then by J.A. Binford.[73]
Huntsville	The Huntsville Mirror	1935?[75]	?[75]	Weekly[75]	LCCN sn87050016 OCLC 15116289	Edited by L.C. Jamar.[76]
Huntsville	The Huntsville Star	1900[77]	?[77]	Weekly[77]	LCCN 2012254019, sn83025483 OCLC 2747386, 773146372, 9525997	Edited by Richard C. Hancock.[77]
Huntsville	The Weekly News	1968[78]	1980s[79]	Weekly[78] or bimonthly[79]	LCCN sn87050012 OCLC 15115941
Huntsville	The Weekly News	1900s[79]	1900s[79]	Weekly[79]	LCCN sn88050153 OCLC 18395742	Attested from at least 1931.[79]
Kempsville	The Eagle[80] The Cagie[81]	1800s[80]	1910s[81]	Twice monthly[81]	LCCN sn87050157, sn87050156 OCLC 15724910, 15724980
Lovan	The Eagle	1880s[80]	1900s[80]	Twice monthly[80]	LCCN sn87050186 OCLC 15986125
Marion	The Journal Reporter	1870s[82]	?[82]	Weekly[82]	LCCN sn88050195 OCLC 18545605	Attested through at least 1881.[82]
Mobile	Ace	1975[83]	?[83]	Weekly[83]	OCLC 17270714	Edited by William Shirley and Arthur Johnson Jr.[83] Attested through at least 1979.[83]
Mobile	Mobile Beacon[84] The Mobile Beacon & Alabama Citizen[85] The Mobile Beacon and Alabama Citizen[86]	1943[86]	current	Weekly[86]	LCCN 760643870, 84020221, 88050211, sn84020221, sn88050212 OCLC 18659049, 2264283, 2666053	Published by Lancie M. Thomas.[86] Conflicting reports of closure in 2019.[87]
Mobile	Gazette	1883[88]	1884[88]	Twice weekly, then weekly (1882–1884)[88]		Final journalistic venture of Philip Joseph.[67]
Mobile	Herald	1871[67]	1872[67]			"[E]stablished in August 1871 to defend the Turner-Spencer faction of the party from attacks by the Mobile Republican."[67]
Mobile	Methodist Vindicator	1888[59]	1889[59]			Edited by T.W. Coffee.[59]
Mobile	The Nationalist	1865[1]	1869[1]	Triweekly[89]	LCCN sn84023844 OCLC 11037661	First African American newspaper in Alabama.[90] Owned and managed by African Americans.[90] Edited in 1865 by John Silsby, and from 1866 to 1869 by Albert Griffin, "two white carpetbaggers".[90]
Mobile	The New Times	1981[91]	current[91]	Weekly[91]	LCCN sn85044906 OCLC 10487314 ISSN 0885-1662
Mobile	The Press Forum Sun	1900s[92]	1900s[92]	Weekly[92]	LCCN sn88050206 OCLC 18657644
Mobile	The Press-Forum Weekly[93]	1929[93]	1941[93]	Weekly[93]	LCCN sn88050205 OCLC 18657633
Mobile	The Mobile Republican	1870[94]	1872?[94]	Weekly; daily in 1870[94]	LCCN 760643865, sn87062006 OCLC 2674435	Initially a daily, purchased and turned into a weekly by Philip Joseph later in 1870.[95] James Shaw became editor and publisher in 1871.[95] "[P]ossibly the first in the state to be edited by an Afro-American."[95]
Mobile	The Southern Watchman	1899[96]	1904[96]	Weekly[97]	LCCN sn88050167 OCLC 18517103	Edited by Anderson N. McEwen.[97]
Mobile	The Mobile Watchman Watchman	1873[98]	1874[99]	Weekly[98]	LCCN sn88050159, sn88050160 OCLC 9200254, 9200310	Edited by Philip Joseph and K. H. Saltiel. [98]
Mobile	The Mobile Weekly Advocate	1911[100]	?[100]	Weekly[100]	LCCN sn88050162 OCLC 18516318	Attested through at least 1958.[100]
Mobile	The Mobile Weekly Press	1896?[101]	1929[101]	Weekly[101]	LCCN sn88050185 OCLC 18530886	Edited by Andrew N. Johnson from 1894 to 1907.[9]
Montgomery	The Advance	1877?[102]	1880s[103]	Weekly[102]	LCCN sn87050046 OCLC 15220741	Published by James A. Scott.[102]
Montgomery	The Alabama Enterprise	1885?[104]	?[104]	Weekly[104]	LCCN sn85045115 OCLC 12905754	Attested from 1886.[105] Edited by Sam B. Davis.[105]
Montgomery	The Alabama Guide	1884[106]	?[106]	Monthly newspaper[106]		Published and edited by M.G. Thomas.[106]
Montgomery	Alabama Republican	1880[107]	?[107]	Weekly[107]	LCCN sn86050109 OCLC 13346900	Published and edited by Charles O. Harris.[107]
Montgomery	Alabama Tribune	1951[108]	1964?[108]	Weekly[108]	LCCN sn86050396 OCLC 14581814	Published by E.G. Jackson.[108]
Montgomery	The Montgomery Argus	1890[109]	?[109]	Weekly[109]	LCCN sn86050407 OCLC 14766859, 1476859
Montgomery	The Colored Alabamian	1907[110]	1916[110]	Weekly[110]	LCCN sn83045035 OCLC 9308701
Montgomery	The Colored Citizen	1884[111]	1884[111]	Weekly[111]	LCCN sn85045116 OCLC 12919260	Published by Brown Brothers.[111]
Montgomery	The Emancipator	1917[112]	1920s[112]	Weekly[112]	LCCN sn86050425 OCLC 11961865	Edited by J. Edward McCall.[112]
Montgomery	The Montgomery Enterprise	1898[113]	1900[113]	Weekly[113]	LCCN 2013254326, sn83025485 OCLC 2753672, 844394869, 9526435
Montgomery	The Evening Appeal	1886?[114]	?[114]	Unknown[114]
Montgomery	The Evening Appeal	1880s[115]	?[115]	Daily[115]	LCCN sn85045113 OCLC 12905423	Published by Allred Bros.[115]
Montgomery	The Helping Hand	1907?[116]	1910s[117]	Weekly[116]	LCCN sn86050428 OCLC 14817352	Published by Jackson A. Stokes.[116] Attested through at least 1912.[117]
Montgomery	The Herald	1886[118]	1887[118]	Weekly[118]	LCCN sn85045117 OCLC 12919382	Published by Jesse C. Duke, who was driven from the state by a lynch mob after writing an anti-lynching editorial in The Herald in 1887.[119]
Montgomery	The Montgomery Mirror	1935?[120]	?[120]	Weekly[120]
Montgomery	Montgomery-Tuskegee Times: The Alternative[121] The Montgomery-Tuskegee Times[122]	1979[121]	2000s	Weekly[121]	LCCN sn85044592 OCLC 11817447
Montgomery	The Odd Fellows Journal	1885[123]	?[123]	Monthly newspaper[123]	LCCN sn93065629 OCLC 28004324	Attested through at least October 1886.[123]
Montgomery	The Republican Sentinel	1872?[124]	?[124]	Weekly[124]	LCCN sn8650433 OCLC 14866378	Owned and edited by James T. Rapier.[67]
Montgomery[125]	The Southern Courier	1965[125]	1968[126]	Weekly[125]	LCCN sn84025852 OCLC 10462102, 7852098	Moved from Atlanta to Montgomery in September 1965.[126]
Montgomery	The Montgomery Times	1977[127]	1979[127]	Weekly[127]	LCCN sn86050432 OCLC 13460131
Montgomery	Voice of Action	1970[128]	?[128]	Weekly[128]
Montgomery	Watchman Negro Watchman (1874)[70]	1873[70]	1874[70]			Edited by Philip Joseph, with William H. Councill and A.E. Williams as associate editors.[70]
Montgomery	The Weekly Citizen	1884[129]	?[129]	Weekly[129]	LCCN sn86050448 OCLC 14875394	Numerous editors and publishers.[129]
Montgomery	The Weekly News	1884[130]	?[130]	Weekly[130]	LCCN sn86050419 OCLC 14769112	Published by C.M. Brown, noted for his advocacy of black self-defense.[119]
Montgomery	Montgomery Weekly Review	1936?[131]	?[131]	Weekly[131]		Edited by William P. Smith.[131]
Opelika	The People's Choice	1894[132]	?[132]	Weekly[132]	LCCN sn85045044 OCLC 12739206	Edited by John P. Lawrence.[132] Circulation of 300.[133]
Patton Junction	The Patton Pointer	1897[9] or 1898[134]	1904[9]	Weekly[134]	LCCN sn87050225 OCLC 16096129	Edited by J.T. Nall.[134]
Selma	The Baptist Pioneer	1878[135] or 1879?[136]	1886[135]	Weekly[136] or monthly[137]	LCCN sn85044666 OCLC 12152825	Published by the Alabama Baptist Normal and Theological School.[136] Edited by W.H. McAlpine.[136]
Selma	The Selma Cyclone	1886[138]	1890s[138]	Weekly[138]	LCCN sn85044523 OCLC 11198071	Edited by William J. Stevens from 1886 to 1887 and by John Mitchell Gee from 1887 to 1890.[26] Known for its conciliatory political stance.[26]
Selma	Dallas Post	1884[139]	1884[139]			Edited by W.H. Mixon.[139] "[T]he first secular Negro news journal ever published in Dallas County."[139]
Selma	The Independent Southern Independent	1800s[140]	?[140]	Weekly[140]	LCCN sn85044581 OCLC 11200309	Edited by Mansfield Bryant from 1886 to 1889.[139] Absorbed Selma Social Circle and Gospel Messenger in 1888.[139]
Selma	Selma Record	1900[141]	?[141]	Weekly[141]	LCCN sn86050246 OCLC 13743949	Attested through at least 1902.[141]
Selma	Selma Sentinel	1965[142]	?[142]	Weekly[142]	LCCN sn85044634, sn85044636 OCLC 12119757, 12123801
Selma	Southern Christian Age	1898[143]	?[143]	Weekly[143]		Edited by W.H. Mixon.[143] Attested through at least 1901.[143]
Selma	Southern Christian Recorder	1888[139]	1891[139]			Newspaper of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Edited by Mansfield Bryant.[139] Moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1891 after Bryant was arrested for his outspoken writing and his life was threatened by a lynch mob.[26]
Slocomb	Ardis Times	1909[9]	1911[9]	Weekly[9]
Talladega	Reporter and Watchtower	1873[144]	1886?[144]	Weekly[144]	LCCN sn84023594 OCLC 10896961	Published by T.J. Cross and M.H. Cruikshank.[144]
Talladega	The Southern Sentinel	1877[145]	1881?[145] or 1886[70]	Monthly during school year[145]	LCCN sn88050143 OCLC 18370187	Edited by Edward P. Lord from 1877 to 1879, and George N. Ellis from 1879 to 1881.[145]
Tunnell Springs	Eagle	1888	1913
Tuscaloosa	Alabama Citizen[146] The Alabama Citizen and the Tuscaloosa Weekly Review[147]	1944?[147] or 1947[146]	1947[147] or 1963[146]	Weekly[147]	LCCN sn88050211 OCLC 18658854, 18658986	Published by James R. Greene.[147] Published in Mobile from October 1961 to September 1963.[146]
Tuscaloosa	Tuscaloosa Courier	1979?[148]	?[148]	Monthly newspaper[148]	OCLC 26923020	Published by Charles Steele Jr. [148]
Tuscaloosa	Tuskaloosa Chronicle	1896[149]	?[149]	Weekly[149]	LCCN sn88050106 OCLC 17869150
Tuscumbia	The American Star	1901[150]	1929?[151]	Monthly[150]	LCCN sn85045004 OCLC 12689668	"[T]he leading black paper in northwest Alabama."[151] Edited by G.W. Trenholm.[151]
Tuskegee	The Alabama Headlight	1900[152]	1902?[152]	Semimonthly[152]		Published by Alabama Headlight.[152]
Tuskegee	The Tuskegee Herald	1950[153]	1958[153]	Monthly newspaper[153]	LCCN sn86050103 OCLC 13291570	Published by Hal Fisher. Edited by Mrs. E.M. Washington.[153]
Tuskegee	The Messenger	1905[154]	1900s[154]	Weekly[154]	LCCN sn92063894 OCLC 26654014
Tuskegee	The Negro Farmer	1940[155]	?[155]	Monthly newspaper[155]	LCCN 2004225260 OCLC 55899359
Tuskegee	The Tuskegee Progressive	1970?[156]	1971[156]	Weekly[156]	LCCN sn86050100 OCLC 13290841	Published by Joseph Ervin Morse.[156]
Tuskegee	The Tuskegee Times	1974[157]	1976[157]	Weekly[157]	LCCN sn86050101 OCLC 13290880
Tuskegee	The Tuskegee Voice	1976[158]	1977[158]	Weekly[158]	LCCN sn86050099 OCLC 13290757	Published by J. Lowell Ware and edited by Rick Dunn.[158]
Tuskegee	The Zion Church Worker: The Home Newspaper	1900[159]	?[159]	Monthly newspaper[159]
Union Springs	The Union Springs Enterprise	1895[160]	?[160]	Weekly[160]	LCCN sn85044566 OCLC 12049726	Edited by B.F. Rollins, then by R.T. Timothy in September–October 1896.[160]
Uniontown	The Negro Leader[161] The Uniontown News[162]	1900[162]	1917[9]	Weekly[162]	LCCN 87050364, sn87050363, sn87050364 OCLC 17003390, 17003504	Official organ of the Black Belt Farmers Conference.[161]
Wetumpka	Observer	1910[9]	1912[9]	Weekly[9]
Yantley	Racial Endeavors	1906[9]	1907[9]	Weekly[9]

See also

• List of African-American newspapers and media outlets
• List of African-American newspapers in Florida
• List of African-American newspapers in Georgia
• List of African-American newspapers in Mississippi
• List of African-American newspapers in Tennessee
• List of newspapers in Alabama

Works cited

• Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Jones, Allen Woodrow (1983). "Alabama". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the South, 1865–1979. ISBN 9780313222443.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Pride, Armistead Scott; Wilson, Clint C. (1997). A History of the Black Press. Howard University Press. ISBN 9780882581927.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Smith, Jessie Carney (2012). Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9781578593699.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

References

1. Smith 2012, p. 408.
2. Jones 1983, p. 35.
3. "About The Alabama time-piece. [volume] (Aldrich, Ala.) 1895-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
4. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 317.
5. "About The Baptist leader. [volume] (Anniston, Ala.) 188?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
6. Jones 1983, p. 29.
7. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6025.
8. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 39, ¶ 400.
9. Jones 1983, p. 59.
10. "About The Southern star. (Bethel, Ala.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
11. Jones 1983, p. 27.
12. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 25, ¶ 249.
13. "About The Birmingham American. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
14. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 727.
15. "About The Birmingham blade. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1907-1909". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
16. Jones 1983, p. 56.
17. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 126, ¶ 1314.
18. Jones 1983, p. 33.
19. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 150, ¶ 1563.
20. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 728.
21. "About Hot shots. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1896-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
22. "About Birmingham mirror. (Birmingham, Ala.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
23. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 729.
24. "About Negro American. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1886-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
25. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 398, ¶ 4149.
26. Jones 1983, p. 32.
27. "About The New era banner. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1918-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
28. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 408, ¶ 4247.
29. "About The Pleiades. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1888-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
30. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 730.
31. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 731.
32. "About The Birmingham reporter. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1???-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
33. "About The Times plain dealer. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
34. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 71, ¶ 732.
35. Flynt, Wayne (2004). Alabama in the Twentieth Century. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817314309.
36. "About The Birmingham truth. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
37. "About The Truth. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1903-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
38. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 598, ¶ 6252.
39. "About The Voice of the people. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
40. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 32, ¶ 319.
41. "About Weekly pilot. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1883-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
42. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 608, ¶ 6351.
43. "About Wide awake bulletin. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1887-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
44. "About Wide-awake. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 189?-1906". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
45. "About Birmingham wide-awake. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1906-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
46. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 615, ¶ 6424.
47. "About The Workmen's chronicle. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
48. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 621, ¶ 6487.
49. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 71, ¶ 735.
50. Birmingham Public Library. "Birmingham World". Local Databases. Retrieved 2020-02-11. Frequency: semi-weekly from 1940 - April 2, 1969; weekly from April 9, 1969 - 1996.
51. "About The Guardian. (Decatur, Ala.) 1910-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
52. "About Speakin' out weekly news. (Decatur, Ala.) 198?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
53. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 533, ¶ 5558.
54. "About Speakin' out news. (Decatur, Ala.) 1980-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
55. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5522.
56. "About The Voice of the Negro. [volume] (Dothan, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
57. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 598, ¶ 6250.
58. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 548, ¶ 5718.
59. Jones 1983, p. 34.
60. "About Greene County democrat. [volume] (Eutaw, Ala.) 1???-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
61. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 514, ¶ 5374.
62. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 604, ¶ 6311.
63. "About The watcher. [volume] (Florence, Ala.) 1888-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
64. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5806.
65. "About Grove Hill herald. [volume] (Grove Hill, Ala.) 18??-185?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
66. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5112.
67. Jones 1983, p. 25.
68. "About The Republican sentinel and Hayneville times. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala. ;) 187?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
69. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 286, ¶ 3009.
70. Jones 1982, p. 26. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1982 (help)
71. "About The Herald. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 187?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
72. "About The Huntsville journal. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 1895-1897". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
73. "About The Journal. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 1897-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
74. Jones 1983, p. 38.
75. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 286, ¶ 3010.
76. "About The Huntsville mirror. (Huntsville, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
77. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287, ¶ 3011.
78. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6344.
79. "About The Weekly news. (Huntsville, Ala.) 1968-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
80. "About The Eagle. (Kempsville, Ala.) 18??-1899". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
81. "About The Cagie. (Kempsville, Ala.) 1899-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
82. "About The Journal reporter. (Marion, Ala.) 187?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
83. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 6, ¶ 62.
84. "About Mobile beacon. (Mobile, Ala.) 195?-196?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
85. "About The Mobile beacon & Alabama citizen. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1963-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
86. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3876.
87. WPMI Web Staff (2018-12-12). "Mobile Beacon closing in 2019?". Retrieved 2020-02-15. Today the Lagniappe reported that Alabama's oldest African-American newspaper, The Mobile Beacon, will close next year . . . . But tonight the Mobile Beacon's owner tells NBC 15 she's not closing.
88. Jones 1983, p. 26.
89. "About The Nationalist. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1865-1869". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
90. Jones 1982, p. 23. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1982 (help)
91. "About The new times. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1981-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
92. "About The Press forum sun. (Mobile, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
93. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 472, ¶ 4915.
94. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3877.
95. Jones 1982, p. 24. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1982 (help)
96. Jones 1983, p. 37.
97. "About The Southern watchman. (Mobile, Ala.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
98. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3879.
99. Jones 1982, p. 53. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1982 (help)
100. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3880.
101. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3881.
102. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 8, ¶ 83.
103. "About The Advance. (Montgomery, Ala.) 187?-188?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
104. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 310.
105. "About The Alabama enterprise. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 188?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
106. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 311.
107. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 313.
108. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 318.
109. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3893.
110. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 161, ¶ 1672.
111. "About The Colored citizen. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1884-1884". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
112. "About The Emancipator. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1917-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
113. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3895.
114. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 215, ¶ 2252.
115. "About The Evening appeal. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 188?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
116. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 273, ¶ 2864.
117. "About The Helping hand. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 19??-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
118. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2872.
119. Jones 1983, p. 30.
120. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3896.
121. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3899.
122. "About The Montgomery-Tuskegee times. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1979-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
123. "About The Odd fellows journal. (Montgomery, Ala.) 1885-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
124. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5111.
125. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 527, ¶ 5500.
126. "About The Southern courier. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1965-1968". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
127. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3897.
128. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 595, ¶ 6221.
129. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 606, ¶ 6337.
130. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6345.
131. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3898.
132. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4779.
133. Jones 1983, p. 36.
134. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 455, ¶ 4746.
135. Jones 1982, pp. 25-26. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1982 (help)
136. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 60, ¶ 616.
137. "About The Baptist pioneer. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 18??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
138. "About The Selma cyclone. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 1886-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
139. Jones 1983, p. 31.
140. "About The Independent. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 18??-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
141. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 509, ¶ 5317.
142. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 509, ¶ 5318.
143. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 526, ¶ 5496.
144. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 489, ¶ 5106.
145. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5520.
146. "About Alabama citizen. (Tuscaloosa, Ala.) 1947-1963". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
147. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 308.
148. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5964.
149. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5965.
150. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 42, ¶ 425.
151. Jones 1983, p. 39.
152. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 312.
153. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5967.
154. "About The Messenger. (Tuskegee, Ala.) 1905-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
155. "About The Negro farmer. [microfilm reel] (Tuskegee, Ala.) 1940-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
156. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5971.
157. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5974.
158. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5977.
159. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 627, ¶ 6557.
160. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6028.
161. "About The Negro leader. (Uniontown, Ala.) 19??-1915". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
162. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6031.