Letter from Cotton Mather to William Stoughton, September 2, 1692

In a letter dated September 2, 1692, Cotton Mather wrote to judge William Stoughton.[1] Among the notable things about this letter is the provenance: it seems to be the last important correspondence from Mather to surface in modern times, with the holograph manuscript not arriving in the archives for scholars to view, and authenticate, until sometime between 1978 and 1985.[2]

Cotton Mather's date and signature on September 2, 1692 letter now held by Boston College

Context and content

On August 19, 1692, five accused individuals had been executed in Salem, Massachusetts,[3] bringing the total to eleven (reaching twenty by the end of September). Mather had attended this execution and one account shows him giving a speech on horseback that seemed to quiet a crowd that had been calling for mercy for the accused.[4]

Cotton Mather begins the September 2 letter by writing that he has "made the world sensible of my zeal to assist... your honour...[in the] extinguishing of as wonderful a piece of devilism as has been seen in the world; and yet... one half of my endeavors to serve you have not been told or seen."[5] Further alluding to the care and subterfuge he employs in his presentation, he writes, "I have laboured to divert the thoughts of my readers, even with something of a designed contrivance..." He asks for Stoughton's permission and approbation in writing on the specifics of the current trials. This suggests Mather's later claim that his book was "commanded" by colonial Governor William Phips may have been an inversion of the truth, as Phips letter on October 10, 1692, says he "put a stop to the printing of any discourses one way or other". [6][7]

Accompanying his letter on September 2, Mather sends a lengthy portion of the book he has already written, telling Stoughton to feel free to skip the first 34 pages.[8] Yet he says he has "not included all the papers mentioned in my title".[9] Against this backdrop, and the "swelling public outcry" of August, Stacy Schiff concludes that Mather's book must be viewed as "a propaganda piece"[10] departing from a common late twentieth-century view of the book as a "defense" of the trials.[11]

Stoughton responded enthusiastically to the September 2 letter, and his personal endorsement of the forthcoming Wonders is reprinted in the preface (p. vi-vii).[12][13] Stoughton's response specifically recommends that the book be committed "unto the PRESS". Stoughton may have aided Mather in circumventing Phips and in the book's preface Mather credits Stoughton for giving him a "shield" to ship the book "abroad" to England where it arrived by the end of December and was hastily printed and published.[14][15]

...the Lieutenant-Governor of New England having perused it, has done me the honor of giving me a Shield, under the umbrage whereof I now dare to walk Abroad. (Wonders preface p. vi.)

But a major goal of Mather, as expressed in the September 2 letter, was quickly obtaining copies of the official trial records, and in this he seems to have been further stalled, as can be seen in his letter to the trial clerk Stephen Sewall on September 20, 1692.[16] Mather probably did not receive these records until September 22, 1692 when Stephen Sewall traveled to Boston for a meeting at his brother's house with Mather and Stoughton.[17]

1985: A notable year in the Mather historiography

There are some indications that the arrival of the holograph of this letter in the archives may have come as an unwelcome surprise to some twentieth-century scholars of the colonial period.[18] David Levin points out that the letter demonstrates the timeline used by both "Thomas J. Holmes and Perry Miller" is off by "three weeks." Writing in the same year as Levin, 1985, Harold Jantz had submitted an essay describing various frauds and fakes and he included the AAS typescript copy of what he calls the "Stoughton letter" (September 2, 1692) calling it a "nasty, pathological" forgery "intended to make Cotton Mather put his worst foot forward in connection with the witchcraft trials." But in an addendum to the essay, Jantz writes that just before publication "barely in time for this added note, new information reached me about the letter... at present the manuscript is firmly labeled as 'original' and 'holograph'" [19] Yet as Jantz continues the essay, he still seems to harbor suspicions, referring to the letter's "author" instead of Mather. "What if it should turn out that the Stoughton letter cannot be proved to be a forgery?" Jantz writes. "This would make it doubly fascinating, doubly perplexing." And "would require that we rewrite Cotton Mather's biography as two Cotton Mather's biographies."[20]

The same year as the Jantz essay, 1985, Kenneth Silverman had been awarded a Pulitzer and a Bancroft Prize for a biography of Mather published the year before, 1984.[21] Unlike Jantz, Silverman's introduction to the September 2, 1692 letter in his book of Mather correspondence (1971) does not directly dispute the authenticity of the letter beyond saying the holograph could not be located, but his basic assessment of Mather ("he did not want to defend [the trials]") [22] suggests that Silverman, like TJ Holmes, Perry Miller, Jantz (and also perhaps Levin, who published a biography of Mather in 1978), did not previously believe the typescript copy of the letter was authentic and this would have affected work conducted prior to the knowledge of the holograph in 1985.

Also published in 1985, and written presumably before the holograph of the letter reached the archives, David D. Hall strikes a triumphant note for the revision lead by GL Kittredge at Harvard. "With him one great phase of interpretation came to a dead end."[23] Hall writes that whether the old interpretation favored by "antiquarians" had begun with the "malice of Robert Calef or deep hostility to Puritanism," either way "such notions are no longer... the concern of the historian." But David Hall notes "one minor exception. Debate continues on the attitude and role of Cotton Mather... though none of his recent biographers is at all interested in making him responsible for Salem..." Hall mentions both Levin and Silverman. In 1991, Hall published "Witch-hunting in Seventeenth-Century New England: A Documentary History." Hall does not publish or mention the recently controversial Sept. 2 letter and in a footnote Hall writes, "The circumstances under which Mather composed Wonders... are admirably sketched by Thomas J. Holmes..." [24]

Provenance of the Mather letter and typescript copy

Associated with the holograph in the Burns Library is a faint one-page typescript leaflet, dated April 7, 1943.[25] The leaflet is a description of three Mather A.L.S. (Autograph Letter Signed) being offered for sale. The leaflet begins:

These three Cotton Mather A.L.S. are addressed to William Stoughton who presided at the Trials of the Witches in Salem and these letters pertain entirely to Witchcraft. Being written to William Stoughton, they are of the greatest importance. According to Mr. Brigham of the American Antiquarian Society, there is a similar letter, same as the longest one here, written to John Richards which is an exact copy of this letter. The reason Mr. Brigham is sure that the Richards letter is a copy is because it is on 2 1/2 pages whereas the enclosed is 4 pages.

The leaflet concludes:

Mr. Brigham offered me $500 for this which means that it is worth from $1000 to $1500 for he is a good buyer and very conservative in price. He considers this one of the best finds in A.L.S. in years.

Of the three A. L. S. being offered, the letter to John Richards dated May 31, 1692, is the primary one discussed in the leaflet. This letter was previously known via a copy ascribed to Mather but not written in Mather's hand.[26] A second A.L.S., the "Return of Several Ministers" is mentioned only in passing. The third A.L.S., the letter of September 2, 1692, and subject of this article, is not mentioned explicitly at all. Although this letter is of extremely high research value, the seller apparently did not think its value to collectors would be as great as the other two well-known documents. The leaflet also mentions showing the three A.L.S. to Mr. Brigham of the American Antiquarian Society, offering a clue as to the origin and date of the Society's typescript copy of the Sept 2, 1692 letter.

Stoughton's handwriting upper left, Mather's salutation on the right

Establishing the authenticity of the holograph

According to Jantz, the original manuscript of the letter was sold by the widow of the collector who once owned it to the Boston College and David Levin had reaffirmed the authenticity and "double checked with some of the experts who had verified Mather's handwriting at the time of acquisition..." and found the paper "of the right age." Neither Jantz nor Levin seem to have noted that the letter could be further verified by a line of handwriting by Stoughton (the AAS typescript also contains this line at the end, copied with a pen) a paraphrased version of this opening line was reprinted by Mather in his book some weeks later.[27] Stacy Schiff, writing thirty years after Jantz and Levin, seems to be the first person on record to take notice of this fact, "Stoughton began his fulsome reply on the verso." Schiff also might be the first scholar, following Jantz and Levin, to note the location of the holograph at the John J. Burns Library of Rare Books and Special Collections at Boston College.[28]

Recent notice of the letter

Between 1985 and 2015, there appears to have been little notice of what Jantz called the "doubly fascinating, doubly perplexing" letter, or its location and availability for scholarship in the archives, including the interest that coincided with the tercentenary of the trials in 1992.[29]

Writing in 2002, Mary Beth Norton seems to accept the Sept. 2 letter's authenticity and quotes some milder passages, citing the reprint in Silverman (1971). It is unclear whether Norton was aware of the controversy around the letter expressed in 1985. In the citation, Norton does not address the Kittredge-Holmes-Miller lineage, which David D. Hall had praised in early 1985, but Norton distances her work from chapter 13 of Perry Miller's 1953 book (Miller cites TJ Holmes for this chapter). Miller's book, she writes, contains "an interpretation of Mather's work on Wonders that differs considerably from mine."[30]

Clive Holmes in a 2016 essay underscores the importance of the content of the September 2 letter and makes note of the typescript at AAS (but not the holograph at Boston College) and suggests Silverman's abridgment of the letter in 1971 was overly severe.[31] If Silverman was working within a lineage that distrusted the authenticity of the AAS typescript, as the 1985 essays by Jantz and Levin suggest, it would be understandable why his reprint of the letter in 1971 was truncated.

Digital copies of the letter are now available via email from both the AAS (original typescript) and Boston College (holograph).

References
  1. , Cotton Mather Letters, [1691?]–[1692?], MS1990.023, John J. Burns Library, Boston College
  2. David Levin provides this range of dates in note 19 of his 1985 essay (available as PDF from AAS) "Did the Mathers Disagree About the Salem Witchcraft Trials" p 36. Levin's note also discusses a typescript copy held by American Antiquarian Society that was the only version available to scholars previous to K. Silverman's reprint of the letter 1971. (For further discussion see Talk page of this article.)
  3. GL Burr, Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases (1914) p. 177 n. 1.
  4. Three contemporaries place Mather at this execution: Sewall, Brattle, and Calef. Diary of Samuel Sewall, p. 363. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=yiwTAAAAYAAJ GL Burr Narratives Brattle p. 177. Calef p. 361.https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=4hgOAAAAIAAJ
  5. "Stacy Schiff, "The Witches" (New York, 2015) Chapt IX, pp. 285–6. Schiff begins her summary of this letter in quoting the 'zeal to assist' and Schiff observes, "The claim rather upended the muddled equivocal letters to Foster and Richards."
  6. GL Burr reprints the letter from Phips in Narratives p, 197. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=4hgOAAAAIAAJ On the same page, Phips writes "the persons who have made so ill improvement of these matters here are seeking to turn it all upon me." The book Wonders was, relative to the output of the province, a large production, and with its last internal dates around the beginning of October, would likely have been at the printer's around the same date as Phip's letter. See George Henry Moore, Bibliographical Notes on Witchcraft in Massachusetts, (AAS, 1888) p.12-13.
  7. "[Cotton Mather's] veracity has been seriously questioned; and one can see why...he gave utterance to many hasty things, not always consistent with fact or with each other...[many critical historians have inclined] to call him by a name he would have probably been the first to use in their place-- a very great liar." Barrett Wendell, Cotton Mather the Puritan Priest (1891) p 1-2.
  8. Schiff "The Witches" p 285.
  9. Clive Holmes focusses on how much of the book had already been written by this time. Clive Holmes, "Reconsiderations" in New England Quarterly, December 2016, Vol. LXXXIX, Number 4, p. 662, note 78. D. Levin also discusses this, "Did the Mathers Disagree" p.35
  10. Schiff "The Witches" p. 286.
  11. D. Levin uses the term "defense" in the early part of his essay, "Did the Mathers Disagree" p. 21.
  12. D. Levin "Did the Mather's Disagree" p 24 outlines Stoughton's contributions.
  13. Cotton Mather "Wonders of the Invisible World" ed SG Drake, (1865) Vol. I. Stoughton letter is pp. 5–6.
  14. George H. Moore, Bibliographical Notes, p. 12-13
  15. Diary of Cotton Mather, p. 153. "The shield given by the Lt. Govr. of the Province, under which, that book is walk'd abroad, is enough, and, I confess, too much." For context around this work, which seems to be memoirs presented in the format of a diary, see introduction and notes by WC Ford and David Levin "Cotton Mather's Misnamed Diary" in Forms of Uncertainty (1992) p.177-179.
  16. George H. Moore, Bibliographical Notes, p. 9.
  17. Sewall DI, pp. 365–6.
  18. Levin "Did the Mathers Disagree" p. 35.
  19. Harold Jantz, "Fictions and Inventions in Early America" in Mythos und Aufklarung in der Amerikanishen Literature (Erlangen, 1985) pp. 6–9, 16–19
  20. Jantz, Fictions pp. 17,19
  21. For a 2017 description of the book, see (NYTimes Obituary)
  22. Kenneth Silverman, Selected Letters of Cotton Mather (Baton Rouge, 1971) p. 31.
  23. David D. Hall, "Witchcraft and the Limits of Interpretation" NEQ Vol 58 No. 2 (June 1985) see pp. 261–3. https://www.jstor.org/stable/365516 Note, Hall doesn't mention the Mather letter in this essay.
  24. David D. Hall Witch-hunting in Seventeenth-Century New England (Northeastern, 1991)p. 282, note 2
  25. Boston College, John J. Burns Library, this leaflet filed under MS1990.023 together with September 2, 1692 holograph including typescripts, and two other period documents.
  26. Kenneth Silverman, Selected Letters of Cotton Mather (Baton Rouge, 1971) p. 35.
  27. Cotton Mather "Wonders of the Invisible World" ed SG Drake, (1865) Vol. I. Stoughton letter is pp. 5–6. This volume and the other two in Drakes "Witchcraft Delusion" series (volumes II and III are a full reprint of Robert Calef's book) can be found online, including here.
  28. Stacy Schiff, "The Witches" p 286.
  29. A web search (Aug 10, 2017) for the letter brought up a copy in online Salem archives (copyright 2010 Benjamin Ray) seems to match K. Silverman's abridged reprint of the letter addressed to Stoughton but missing any reference to Mather. Bernard Rosenthal's "Records of the Salem Witchhunt" (Cambridge, 2009) only notice of the letter is a non-sequitur folded into an unrelated note with no citation or location information for the letter, see p. 579 or search the date. Emerson Baker in "Storm of Witchcraft" (2014) mentions the date and information that would seem to come from the letter without citation or location information.
  30. Mary Beth Norton In the Devil's Snare (New York, 2002) p.269 and p.400 note 5.
  31. Clive Holmes, "Reconsiderations" in New England Quarterly, December 2016, Vol. LXXXIX, Number 4, p.662 note 78.

Further reading


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