Leslie Thornton (filmmaker)

Leslie Thornton (born 1951) is an American avant-garde filmmaker and artist.

Life

Leslie Thornton was born in 1951 in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Schenectady, New York.[1] Both her father and grandfather worked on the Manhattan Project, but due to the project's high level of secrecy, neither knew of the other's involvement until many years later. Thornton learned as an adult, and as a result the atomic bomb and themes of apocalypse appear in some of her works (most notably, Peggy and Fred in Hell and Let Me Count the Ways, Minus 10, 9, 8, and 7...).[2][3] She first developed an interest in film as a teenager when she frequented experimental cinema screenings at her local Unitarian Church in Schenectady.[1] Attending Tufts University as an undergraduate from 1969 until 1971, Thornton then transferred to the State University of New York at Buffalo where she studied painting under Seymour Drumlevitch and film under Hollis Frampton, Paul Sharits, Stan Brakhage, and Peter Kubelka.[4] After earning a Bachelor of Fine Arts in painting at SUNY-Buffalo in 1973, she continued on to graduate work. Thornton earned a Master of Fine Arts in Painting from The Hartford Art School in 1976, and then studied film at the graduate level at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975 under Richard Leacock and Ed Pincus.[1][5] Currently she works as a professor of Modern Culture and Media at Brown University and teaches at the European Graduate School. She lives in both Providence, Rhode Island, and New York City with her partner, artist and scholar Thomas Zummer.[4][6]

Art practice

Thornton began painting as a teenager, during "a period of Minimalism moving into Conceptualism." She recalls that lineage as a prominent part of her own work, where visually, "The paintings were moving towards white but there was some kind of grid that kept being laid down and re-established."[7] Scholar Thomas Zummer characterizes those early paintings through their grids: "Thornton's paintings organized a sensual, expressionist hand into strict formal geometric mappings. These works begin with a painterly sensuality set within and against a series of structural grids, so that there is a constant between expressivity and the ineffable."[8] But as her practice developed, he notes, "Painting was a vessel incapable of the containment of the sensate. Language, gesture, emotion the random and inexplicable things and occurrences of the world were among her subjects; painting seemed insufficient. It was a matter of finding an appropriate instrument for her investigations".[2] Painting's insufficiency led Thornton to her first venture in filmmaking, X-TRACTS, in 1975 while studying painting at the Hartford School of Art (though she was familiar with film theory from her undergraduate coursework at SUNY-Buffalo).[7] After graduating, she abandoned painting in favor of filmmaking, which felt to her, despite Zummer's claims, entirely unrelated to her previous practice: "I dropped thinking of what I had been doing with painting once I started the process of making film. I didn't draw comparisons though I probably could now, if I thought about it." Filmmaking has dominated her work since this transition, though she recently began painting again as a hobby.[7]

Thornton's filmography includes 16mm, video, HD video, HDV, digital video and 2K video. Employing archival materials, text, found footage and soundtrack, the body of work as a whole explores themes of language, childhood, nuclear war, technology, ethnography, seriality and narrative structure.[9] These themes have been collectively described as "an investigation in the production of meaning through media."[10] In her words, "I see myself as writing with media, and I position the viewer as an active reader, not a consumer. The goal is not a product, but shared thought." [11] Throughout her career, Thornton has received significant critical acclaim for her work—particularly for her serial Peggy and Fred in Hell, and was the only woman experimental filmmaker included in Cahiers du cinema's "60 Most Important American Directors" issue.[12][13] In addition to acclaim from critics, Thornton has received many awards and her work is included in the collections of many museums.

Peggy and Fred in Hell

Thornton's first widely-recognized and perhaps still best-known work is the epic serial Peggy and Fred in Hell.[14] The project began as she was moving into a new apartment in San Francisco and the two children who lived upstairs, Janis and Donald Reading, came to offer help. While carrying her things, they saw the film equipment and wanted to be recorded (the resulting material would eventually become part of the serial's first episode, Peggy and Fred in Hell: The Prologue).[4] Thornton immediately fell in love with their performance and chose them as the protagonists for her then-upcoming Peggy and Fred in Hell. In a 1990 essay that acts as a descriptive companion to the serial, "We Ground Things, Now, On a Moving Earth", Thornton describes the premise where a camera tracks two children "raised by television" who live in a "post-apocalyptic splendor," "adrift in the detritus of prior cultures."[15] These children, Peggy and Fred, wander through Hell (filmed primarily in California, but also across the United States) and fill their time learning "how to make avocado dip, getting lost in their own house, receiving imaginary phone calls and death threats, deciding what things are for," and monitoring the television sets that fill their homes.[15] Though the Readings' performances before the camera are unscripted, Thornton provides them with "a fictional construct…having been told only their names, that they are adults, that this is their house, that they are hungry.”[15] The conditions result in improvisations that Thornton calls "a true interaction in a fictionalized environment."[15] Recorded between 1981 and 1988, the footage of the children was then taken to the editing room where Thornton spliced their improvisations with archival materials, including but not limited to creation myths recorded by Franz Boas, excerpts from the Bible, outtakes from Universal newsreels, B-roll of factories from the Industrial Revolution, Thomas Edison’s archive, raw footage from the moon landing, and weather radar tapes.[15]

The resulting works were released between 1984 and 2013 in a series of 17 episodes, which range in time from two to 20 minutes each, in format from 16 mm film to analog video to digital video, and are almost entirely in black and white with the exception of a short clip in from the 1996 episode Whirling.[16] Later episodes introduced a variety of digital effects, including text crawls, graphic overlays, and rippling images.[17] Thornton emphasizes the serial's "modular format," and encourages that the episodes be played in any order or simultaneously.[17] The themes in the serial as a whole include science fiction, ethnography, language acquisition, narrative form, the convergence of technology and the human consciousness, and the history of American cinema.[17][18] She referred to the project as "ongoing and open-ended" until the release of The Fold in 2013.[19]

Critics have praised Peggy and Fred in Hell since its beginning in 1984. Both The Village Voice and Cahiers du Cinema placed the serial on their "Best Films of the Year: 1989" lists, and Senses of Cinema included it on their "50 Best films of 2004" (for the version Peggy and Fred in Hell: Beginning, Middle, End). The Pacific Film Archive began a restoration of a final-cut iteration of the serial in 2008.[20] Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum, who has praised Thornton's work elsewhere, called Peggy and Fred in Hell both "highly idiosyncratic and deeply creepy," and "the most exciting recent work in the American avant-garde, a saga that raises questions about everything while making everything seem very strange."[16]

Filmography
Legend Part of Peggy and Fred in Hell
YearTitleFormatLength
1974FaceS-8mm10 minutesColor; silent
1975X-TRACTS16mm9 minutesBlack-and-white
1976All Right You Guys16mm16 minutesBlack-and-white
1977Howard16mm30 minutesBlack-and-white
1977Fiddlers in May16mm28 minutesColor; produced for CPTV
1979Minutiae16mm55 minutesColor
1981noexitkiddo16mm30 minutesColor
1981Jennifer, Where Are You?16mm10 minutesColor
1983Oh, China, Oh16mm3 minutesBlack-and-white
1984Peggy and Fred in Hell: The Prologue16mm21 minutesBlack-and-White
19871,001 EyesMultimediaInstallation
1987She Had He So He Do He To Her16mm5 minutesColor
1987Peggy and Fred in Kansas16mm; video11 minutesBlack-and-white
1988There Was An Unseen Cloud MovingVideo60 minutesColor
1988Peggy and Fred and PeteVideo23 minutesSepia; black-and-white
1989[Dung Smoke Enters The Palace]16mm; video16 minutesBlack-and-white
1993Introduction to the So-Called Duck Factory16mm; video7 minutesBlack-and-white
1993Strange SpaceVideo4 minutesColor; co-produced with Ron Vawter
1994The Last Time I Saw RonVideo12 minutesColor
1996Whirling16mm2 minutesBlack-and-white
1996The Problem So Far16mm; video7 minutesBlack-and-white
1996Old WorldyVideo30 minutesBlack-and-White
1997...or lost16mm7 minutesColor
1998The Haunted SwingVideo16 minutesColor
1999Another Worldy16mm24 minutesColor
1999Chimp For Normal Short16mm7 minutesSepia
2000BedtimeVideo4 minutesBlack-and-White
2000Quickly, Yet Too Slowly' MultimediaInstallationInstallation (in Presumés Innocent, Musée d'art contemporain de Bordeaux, France, June 8-October 1, 2000)
2001Have a Nice Day Alone16mm; video7 minutesBlack-and-White
2001The SplendorVideo2 minutesBlack-and-White
2002Document of an InstallationVideo6 minutesBlack-and-White; color
2002Bedtime v.2Video7 minutesBlack-and-White
2002Peggy and Fred on TelevisionVideoSingle channel variant; 105 minutesBlack-and-White; color; sepia
2002The 10,000 Hills of LanguageMultimediaInstallationInstallation
2003Paradise CrushedVideo7 minutesBlack-and-White
2003OriginVideo4 minutesColor
2003Temporary ModernVideo4 minutesColor
2004Let Me Count the Ways, Minus 10, 9, 8, and 7...Video20 minutesColor
2005End in A New WorldHDV3 minutesColor
2005Photography is EasyVideo5 minutesColor
2006Sahara MojaveHDV11 minutesColor
2006Let Me Count the Ways: Minus 6HDV1 minutesBlack-and-white
2006Data TentMultimediaInstallationMultimedia
2007As the World TurnsHDV3 minutesColor
2007Sahara Mojave (version 2)HDV12 minutesColor
2007Minus 9MultimediaInstallationMultimedia
2006The ExpirationVideo2 minutesColor
2008Novel CityVideo7 minutesColor
2009BOB-BOBVideoInstallationColor
2009((((( )))))HD Video9 minutesColor
2010Photography is Easy (version 2)Video6 minutesColor
2010BinocularVideo installationInstallationColor
2010Golden EyesHD Video3 minutesColor
2010Migrating Forms TrailerHD video loop1 minutesColor
2011Twice RemovedHD video11 minutesColor
2012SONGS One Two ThreeHD video14 minutesColor
2013SNAPS: Elephant PairHD video2 minutesColor
2013SNAPS: Oil/Air2K video2 minutesColor
2013LUNA 1905HD video5 minutesBlack-and-white
2013LUNA SnowHD video2 minutesColor
2013LUNA HeavenHD video8 minutesColor
2013Peggy and Fred in Hell: The FoldDigital projection; stacks of CRT monitors95 minutesColor; sepia; black-and-white
2013The FoldDigital video2 minutesColor; black-and-white
2013LUNA TranceVideo triptych with installation environment12 minute loopColor
2013The Animates: Oil/Air/Water2K video7 minutesColor
2013Philosophers Walk on the SublimeDigital video16 minutesColor
OngoingThe Great Invisible16mm; HD video90 minutesColor; production began in 2002
OngoingWhat I Learned of China From The SkyMulti-screen digital video installationInstallationColor

Awards

Thornton has received many awards for her film and video work throughout her career, including:[21]

Collections and representation

Thorton is represented by the Winkleman Gallery in New York, New York and Unit 17 in Vancouver, Canada and distributed by Elisabeth de Brabant, the DIA Foundation, Video Data Bank, Electronic Arts Intermix, Women Make Movies, New York Film Makers Co-op, Light Cone, and LUX. In addition to numerous private collections, Thornton's pieces are in the collections of the following institutions:[21]

Further reading
  • Adams, Sitney P., "The End of the 20th Century”, Visionary Film: The American Avant-Garde, 1943-2000, 3rd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002
  • Arthur, Paul, "Lost and Found: American Avant-Garde Film in the Eighties", A Passage Illuminated: the American Avant-garde Film, 1980-1990, Amsterdam: Stichting Mecano, 1991
  • Doane, Mary Anne, "In the Ruins of the Image: The Works of Leslie Thornton", Women’s Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks, ed. Robin Blaetz, Durham: Duke University Press, 2007
  • Doane, Mary Anne, “The Retreat of Signs and the Failure of Words: Leslie Thornton’s Adynata”, Femmes Fatales: Feminism, Film Theory, Psychoanalysis, New York: Routledge, 1991
  • Halter, Ed. "Hell is for Children", Artforum, September 2012
  • Russell, Catherine, “Archival Apocalypse: Found Footage as Ethnography”, Experimental Ethnography: The Work of Film in the Age of Video, Durham: Duke University Press, 1999
  • Russell, Catherine, “The Ethnographic Impulse in the Films of Peggy Ahwesh, Su Friedrich, and Leslie Thornton", The New American Cinema, ed. Jon Lewis. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1998
  • Thornton, Leslie, "We Ground Things, Now, On a Moving Earth", "Motion Picture", Volume 3, No. 1, 1990
  • Thornton, Leslie, “The Extent of My Ignorance So Far”, Outsider: Films on India 1950-1990, ed. Shanay Jhaveri, Mumbai: The Shoestring Publisher, 2009
  • Voorhuis, Nelly, "The Works of Leslie Thornton", Andere Sinema, 1992
  • Wees, William C., "Carrying On: Leslie Thornton, Su Friedrich, Abigail Child and American Avant-Garde Film in the Eighties”, Canadian Journal of Film Studies, Volume 10, No. 1, 2002
  • Wees, William C., "No More Giants", Women & Experimental Filmmaking, ed. Jean Petrolle and Virginia Wright Wexman, Chicago: University of Illinois, 2005

References
  1. "Leslie Thornton". Women Make Movies. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  2. Senses of Cinema – Leslie Thornton
  3. Halter, Ed (September 2012). "Hell Is for Children" (PDF). ArtForum: 516–521. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  4. Molina, Feliz Lucia. "Interview with Leslie Thornton". Bomb Magazine. Bomb Magazine. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  5. "Leslie Thornton's curriculum vitae" (PDF). Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  6. Leslie Thornton Biography, European Graduate School
  7. http://bombmagazine.org/article/6853/ Interview with Leslie Thornton by Feliz Lucia Molina in Bomb Magazine
  8. Doane, Mary Ann. "In the Ruins of Image: The Works of Leslie Thornton", Women’s Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks, ed. Robin Blaetz: 245
  9. "Leslie Thornton Biography". Brown University. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  10. http://www.eai.org/artistBio.htm?id=418 Leslie Thornton biography, Electronic Arts Intermix
  11. "Leslie Thornton". Electronic Arts Intermix. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  12. WOMEN MAKE MOVIES | Leslie Thornton
  13. LESLIE THORNTON: 'Binocular' – The New York Times
  14. Silas, Susan. "The Kaleidoscopic Visions of Leslie Thornton". Hyperallergic. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  15. Thornton, Leslie (1990). "We Ground Things, Now, On a Moving Earth". Motion Pictures. 3 (1): 13–15.
  16. Rosenbaum, Jonathan. "Peggy and Fred in Hell: The Complete Cycle". Jonathan Rosenbaum. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  17. Halter, Ed (September 2012). "Hell Is for Children" (PDF). Artforum: 514–521.
  18. "Peggy and Fred in Hell: The Prologue". Electronic Arts Intermix. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  19. "Peggy and Fred in Hell: The Prologue". Electronic Arts Intermix. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
  20. "Leslie Thornton's curriculum vitae" (PDF).
  21. http://assets-p.artcat.com/file_uploads/file_asset/asset/12e3530ef4520da325d281a4d985f598e1ec1c98/a68e28e384dec3dad459a569c329613b.pdf Leslie Thornton's curriculum vitae
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