Les Grandes Misères de la guerre

Les Grandes Misères de la guerre (French: [lɛ ɡʁɑ̃d mizɛʁ də la ɡɛʁ]; English: The Great Miseries of War or The Miseries and Misfortunes of War) are a series of 18 etchings by French artist Jacques Callot (1592–1635), titled in full Les Misères et les Malheurs de la Guerre. Despite the grand theme of the series, the images are in fact only about 83 mm × 180 mm each, and are called the "large" Miseries to distinguish them from an even smaller earlier set on the same subject.[1]

The Great Miseries of War
French: Les Grandes Misères de la guerre
La Pendaison (The Hanging), the 11th and most famous plate in the series
ArtistJacques Callot
Year1633
Mediumetching
Dimensions8.3 cm × 18 cm (3.3 in × 7.1 in)

The series was published in 1633, is Callot's best-known work, and has been called the first "anti-war statement" in European art.[2] It can also be considered as an early prototypical French comic strip, within the text comics genre, since the illustrations are accompanied by a descriptive text beneath the images.[3]

Description
Plate 5, Le pillage, the soldiers pillage a house

Les Grandes Misères depict the destruction unleashed on civilians during the Thirty Years' War; no specific campaign is depicted, but the set inevitably recalls the actions of the army that Cardinal Richelieu sent in 1633 to occupy Callot's native Lorraine before annexing it to France. Callot was living in the capital, Nancy, at the time, though the prints were published, like most of his work, in Paris, with the necessary royal licence. The plates still exist, in a museum in Nancy, as do seven drawings of whole compositions, and many tiny studies for figures, with a large group in the Hermitage Museum.[1]

The series begins with a florid title page, followed by an enrollment parade and a battle scene. Plates 4–8 show bands of the victorious soldiers successively attacking a farm, convent, and coach, and burning a village. In plates 9–14 they are rounded up and subjected to various methods of public torture and execution. Plate 15 shows crippled soldiers in a grand neo-classical hospital, Plate 16 unemployed soldiers dying in the street, and Plate 17 the peasants taking revenge on a group they have captured, killing them with flails. Plate 18 shows an enthroned king distributing rewards to the victorious generals.

Each print has a six-line verse caption below the image, written by the famous print-collector Michel de Marolles. All show wide panoramic views, with many tiny figures, as is typical of Callot's work. The technique of using multiple bitings of acid on the plate, with different areas "stopped-out", was perfected by Callot. This method allows gradations in the strength of the line, with distant parts of the scene usually lighter.[4]

Legacy

The central image of the wheel of fortune in William Hogarth's early engraving Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme is a parody of La Pendaison. Francisco Goya probably owned a set of Callot's etchings, and they are believed to have influenced his similar series, Los Desastres de la guerra (The Disasters of War), almost two centuries later.[5]

  • Plate 1: Frontispiece
  • Plate 2: L'enrôlement des troupes (Enrolling the troops)
  • Plate 3: La bataille (The battle)
  • Plate 4: La maraude (The raid)
  • Plate 5: Le pillage (Pillaging a house)
  • Plate 6: Dévastation d'un monastère (Looting a monastery)
  • Plate 7: Pillage et incendie d'un village (Looting and burning a village)
  • Plate 8: Vol sur les grandes routes (Highway robbery)
  • Plate 9: Découverte des malfaiteurs (Arrest of the offenders)
  • Plate 10: L'estrapade, or Strappado
  • Plate 11: La pendaison (The Hanging)
  • Plate 12: L'arquebusade, or Firing squad
  • Plate 13: Le bûcher, or Burning at the stake
  • Plate 14: La roue, or Breaking wheel
  • Plate 15: L'hôpital (The hospital)
  • Plate 16: Les mendiants et les mourants (The beggars and the dying)
  • Plate 17: La revanche des paysans (The peasants fight back)
  • Plate 18: Distribution des récompenses (Distribution of rewards)

References
  1. Becker, 155
  2. Sutherland Harris, 258
  3. "Jacques Callot". lambiek.net.
  4. Becker, 155, & illustrations pp. 185–188
  5. Becker, 154

Bibliography
  • DP Becker in KL Spangeberg (ed), Six Centuries of Master Prints, Cincinnati Art Museum, 1993. ISBN 0-931537-15-0
  • Fatal Consequences: Callot, Goya, and the Horrors of War, Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth, 1990. ISBN 0-944722-04-0
  • Ann Sutherland Harris, Seventeenth-century art & architecture, Laurence King Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-85669-415-1
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.