Lepidophthalmus turneranus

Lepidophthalmus turneranus (formerly Callianassa turnerana), the Cameroon ghost shrimp, is a species of "ghost shrimp" or "mud lobster" that lives off the coast of West Africa. It occasionally erupts into dense swarms, one of which resulted in the naming of the country Cameroon.

Lepidophthalmus turneranus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Crustacea
Class:	Malacostraca
Order:	Decapoda
Family:	Callianassidae
Genus:	Lepidophthalmus
Species:	L. turneranus
Binomial name
Lepidophthalmus turneranus (White, 1861)
Synonyms [1]
Callianassa turnerana White, 1861 Callianassa krukenbergi Neumann, 1878 Callianassa diademata Ortmann, 1891 Callichirus turneranus (White, 1861)

Distribution

Lepidophthalmus turneranus is found in lagoons and estuaries, including almost fresh water, around the Gulf of Guinea from Togo to Congo.[2]

Description

Adults reach a total length of 5.5–14.5 centimetres (2.2–5.7 in).[1] The rostrum ends in three or five teeth,[1] a featured shared with the Madagascan species L. grandidieri.[2] In juveniles, the teeth may be missing.[1] There is a sexual dimorphism in the form of the cheliped (claw-bearing appendage): females have a "deep crescent-shaped depression" near the base of the inside of the claw's fixed finger, while males lack this depression.[1]

Ecology and behaviour

Lepidophthalmus turneranus lives in burrows in mud. Every three to five years, vast swarms form in estuaries,[1] and copulation occurs outside the burrow.[3] When James Aspinall Turner presented the first specimens to the British Museum, he noted that:[4]

... this long-bodied Crustacean appears periodically in the river in prodigious numbers, which disappear in the course of ten days or a fortnight. The natives are very fond of them, as they are delicious eating; and as soon as they make their appearance in the river, the men here leave their usual pursuits to catch them.

Taxonomic history

The illustration which accompanied White's description of the species

The Cameroon ghost shrimp was first described by Adam White in 1861, under the name Callianassa turnerana. That description was based on a specimen given by "the captain of an African trader" to James Aspinall Turner, who in turn presented it to the Zoology Department of the British Museum (now part of the Natural History Museum).[4] The species was transferred to the genus Lepidophthalmus by K. Sakai in 1999.[2]

Cameroon

L. turneranus is "probably the only crustacean ... for which a country is named".[1] When the Portuguese discovered the Wouri River in the 15th century, they witnessed a swarm of L. turneranus, and therefore named the river Rio dos Camarões ("river of the shrimp"). That name was anglicised to "Cameroons River", which came to be used for the whole country, and borrowed into other languages (including the French Cameroun, the German Kamerun and the Dutch Kameroen).[1]

References

1. Lipke B. Holthuis (1991). "Callianassa turnerana". FAO Species Catalogue, Volume 13. Marine Lobsters of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125. Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-103027-8.
2. K. Sakai (1999). "Synopsis of the family Callianassidae, with keys to subfamilies, genera and species, and the description of new taxa (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea)" (PDF). Zoologische Verhandelingen. 326: 3–152.
3. Candisani, Luciano C.; Sumida, Paulo Y. G. & Pires-Vanin, Ana Maria S. (2001). "Burrow morphology and mating behaviour of the thalassinidean shrimp Upogebia noronhensis". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 81 (5): 799–803. doi:10.1017/S0025315401004611.
4. Adam White (1861). "Descriptions of two species of Crustacea belonging to the families Callianassidæ and Squillidæ". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1861: 42–44.