Legio

Legio was a Roman military camp south of Tel Megiddo in the Roman province of Galilee.

This article is about the archaeological site. For the nearby Palestinian village, see Lajjun. For the Latin term, see Roman legion.
Legio excavations

History

Following the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132-136CE), Legio VI Ferrata was stationed at Legio near Caparcotna.[1] The approximate location of the camp of the Legio VI Ferrata was known from the persistence of its name in the form Lajjun by which a Palestinian Arab village was known. It was close to the ancient town of Rimmon, perhaps the Hadad-rimmon of Zechariah 12:11, which in the 3rd century was renamed Maximianopolis (City of Maximian) by Diocletian in honor of his co-emperor Maximian. Both places were within a single episcopal see, generally called Maximianopolis, but in one list of such sees the name Legionum (genitive plural of the Latin word Legio) is used, where the Greek original has "Maximianopolis".[2] Legio lies along Palestine’s Via Maris, an ancient trade route linking Egypt with the northern empires of Syria, Anatola and Mesopotamia in the early bronze age.

Archaeological methods

In 2002–2003, an archaeological survey was conducted in the Legio region by Yotam Tepper as part of his master's thesis. The survey located the legionary camp on the northern slope of El-Manach hill, the village of Ceparcotani on the adjacent hill, and the city of Maximianopolis on the site of the contemporary Kibbutz Megiddo.[3] In 2013 Tepper and the Jezreel Valley Regional Project dug test trenches measuring approximately 295 feet by 16.5 feet that revealed clear evidence of the camp.[4]

Aerial photography, satellite images, and high-resolution lidar data hinted that the hill known as el-Manach contained traces of artificial, human produced objects and structures. After this, slight depressions in the earth revealed the borders of the military camp itself. Long, linear indents that met at 90 degree angles were found on the north, south, and west side of the hill. [5] The following evidence led to the use of archaeological techniques to further discover the uncovered items at Legio.

Ground-penetrating radar

Ground-penetrating radar was the primary technique used to uncover the findings at Legio. The technique involves using antenna frequencies and data-acquisition parameters to analyze what lied beneath the surface of a variety of different types of soil. This technique allows the user to analyze a wide range of land in a relatively efficient amount of time. [5]

Findings

No military headquarters of this type for this particular period had yet been excavated in the entire Eastern Empire, and the 2013 excavations uncovered defensive earthworks, a circumvolution rampart, barracks areas and artifacts including roof tiles stamped with the name of the Sixth Legion, and fragments of scale armor. Coins were found during the excavation process. The coins were found to have countermarks on them showing the length of time the coins were in circulation. Decorative fibulae were also discovered in the Jezreel Valley.

In 2017, a monumental gate to the camp’s headquarters, a stone mark and a dedicatory inscription were discovered that may be a listing of camp commanders or celebrated heroes of the Sixth Legion. In the camp’s latrines, more than 200 Roman coins dating to the 2nd and 3rd centuries were found. Cremated human remains were discovered in a cooking pot. [6]

A study by Anastasia Shapiro was done on the Petrographic Examination of Tiles, Bricks and Mortar from Legio.[7] In Area B, ceramic tiles, tegulae roof tiles and square floor tiles, as well as bricks were uncovered. Eight tiles and two bricks were discovered bearing Roman legion stamps. Upon further analysis of these fragments, petrographic examinations indicate that all the sampled items are part of a homogeneous petrographic group. This matrix consists of calcareous fossiliferous clay containing some tiny, opaque stains of iron oxide and a small amount of silt, which comprises basalt-derived minerals. Some of the micro fossils have ferric or silica filling. Others being completely vitrified. Non-plastic material also makes up for about 2-18% of the volume of tegulae. This includes larger and smaller forms of basalt, quartz, chalk, fossil shells, and terra rosa.

Aqueduct

The aqueduct was found on the southeast side of the hill, and drew its water from springs at Ain Kubbih. The aqueduct would then split in two directions heading towards Daher ed-Dar and flour mills in the Queni stream. The water provided by the aqueduct supplied the soldiers and legionnaires at Legio with a lasting supply of water. The structure allowed water from 124 meters above sea level to be sent to camps and cities. Without the aqueduct, the water would not be funneled to its desired locations in such an efficient time and process. Parts of the aqueduct remained exposed while a majority was covered in a layer of mud and other dumped pieces of earth.[8]

Fibulae

A number of fibulae were discovered in the Jezreel Valley, dating back to the second century AD.[9] During an excavation conducted by Yigael Yadin, two types of fibulae, Roman and Near Eastern, were found. Upon examination, experts found that Roman fibulae were typically made of a type of brass consisting of small percentages of zinc, lead, and various other metals.[10] Compared to their Roman counterparts, Near Eastern fibulae contained different proportions of the metals found in brass. Both analyses provide a greater insight on metalwork and metal production in the Roman Empire during the second century.

See also

References
  1. Kennedy, D. L. (1980). "Legio VI Ferrata: The Annexation and Early Garrison of Arabia". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 84: 283–309. doi:10.2307/311054. ISSN 0073-0688. JSTOR 311054.
  2. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Legio" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  3. Tepper, Y. 2003. Survey of the Legio Area near Megiddo: Historical and Geographical Research. MA thesis, Tel Aviv University. Tel Aviv.
  4. Matthew J. Adams, Jonathan David and Yotam Tepper, Legio: Excavations at the Camp of the Roman Sixth Ferrata Legion in Israel, Bible History Daily, Biblical Archaeology Society, 2013.
  5. Pincus, Jessie A.; Smet, Timothy S. de; Tepper, Yotam; Adams, Matthew J. (2013). "Ground-penetrating Radar and Electromagnetic Archaeogeophysical Investigations at the Roman Legionary Camp at Legio, Israel". Archaeological Prospection. 20 (3): 175–188. doi:10.1002/arp.1455. ISSN 1099-0763.
  6. Evidence of Roman Army Camp Uncovered in Israel
  7. Shapiro, Anastasia (2017). "Petrographic Examination of Tiles, Bricks and Mortaria from Legio". Atiqot. 89: 41–47.
  8. Tsuk, Tsvika (1988-03-01). "The Aqueduct to Legio and the Location of the Camp of the VIth Roman Legion". Tel Aviv. 15 (1): 92–97. doi:10.1179/tav.1988.1988.1.92. ISSN 0334-4355.
  9. Homsher, R.S.; Tepper, Y.; Drake, B.L.; Adams, M.J.; David, J. (2015-12-15). "FROM THE BRONZE AGE TO THE "LEAD AGE": OBSERVATIONS ON SEDIMENT ANALYSES AT TWO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE JEZREEL VALLEY, ISRAEL". doi:10.5281/zenodo.35533. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. Ponting, M.; Segal, I. (February 1998). "Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Analyses of Roman Military Copper-Alloy Artefacts from the Excavations at Masada, Israel". Archaeometry. 40 (1): 109–122. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1998.tb00827.x. ISSN 0003-813X.

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